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Put your home page content here. Home Page  | Your Home page introduces your business and your Web site Write a summary, including a brief description of your products or services and your value and commitment to customers. This page sets the tone for your site and tells people what they can expect to find on other pages. Give the basics here and provide greater detail on other pages. |  | AppendixThe Appendix include brain empowering exercises and programs with Microvision’s Retinal Laser Display | 1 | The LaserEyeQ program | | 2 | LaserBrain Development with the Scientific Brain Training program @ happyneuron.com | | 3 | Microvision for Visual Calculus with Mathematica | | 4 | Microvision’s RLD for the Microsoft Certified Professional and their Technical Training Centers | | 5 | Visual Knowledge Management for the Microsoft Network of Knowledge Workers | | 6 | Microvision’s Laser Intelligence for KurzweilAI.net | | 7 | Microvision’s RLD for Visual Language Development with Dr. David Nolte of Purdue University | | 8 | Microvision as a Visual Thinking Solution for the global upgrade of humanity’s brain | | 9 | The LaserEnlightened College; A Visual Interdependent approach to the PH.D program via the New Lambdasphere | | 10 | Laser Solutions for Atomic Bomb Defense and Nuclear Waste Management | | 11 | Laser Solutions for Atmospheric Control of Chaos (hurricanes, tsunami and global warming as well as air and water pollution). | Introduction
Coherent Foundations of Einstein’s Laser-Enlightened Vision of Intelligence
The Microvision Corporation with its Nomad Expert Technician System (a retinal laser display), in partnership with Microsoft’s visual cognition software system and its application to the Home Technology Integration (HTI) system created by the Internet Home Alliance, have invented the most powerful technology for the advancement of visual education.
[1] In this visual book I show why Microvision’s retinal laser display is the most efficient way to maximize the input, assimilation, comprehension and retention of information, as well as its subsequent use and conversion into knowledge and wisdom. I also show how all the major cognitive functions—attention, memory, language, imagination, visual acuity and reasoning (the executive function)—are augmented with the retinal laser display. Einstein, as a wise visual thinker, emerges as the exemplary character who actualized the laser intelligence capability in all of us. Finally, after a grand tour of the New Lambdasphere (our coherent cosmos) I illustrate how the LaserEnlightened Home Technology Integrated System is installed and connected with the photonic powerline network from JDS Uniphase to the PetaWatt Laser System radiating from the National Ignition Facility at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the Laser Megajoule facility or the International Thermonuclear fusion Experimental Reactor (ITER). And through this fiber optic connection I show how home and public schooling or e-learning and telecommuting around the world benefit from participation in this global power technology. Through this visual book I inform and guide individuals and groups who are seeking the best possible way to achieve optimal cognitive performance through scientific visualization, and what they must do to effectively integrate this new laser intelligence into their home or public life.
The LaserEnlightened idea for this book is the fruit of a convergence of multiple conceptual spaces (science, art, business, education, technology and the politics of laser energy). Einstein formulated the conceptual foundation of the laser in his Collected Papers. And the enlightened vision emerged from my experience of individual freedom through Einsteinian vision, reason and imagination, Chomsky’s linguistic and libertarian social democracy, global exposure to the web of knowledge and the empowerment that the Internet provided.
Arthur Koestler, in The Act of Creation, states “the thesis that ‘creative originality’ does not mean creating a system of ideas out of nothing but rather out of the combination of well-established patterns of thought—by a process of cross-fertilization.” This cross-fertilization of the most successful patterns of thoughts on our planet is illustrated here through the great historical interaction between the currents of laser science inherited by Microvision and the visual cognition software system established by Microsoft in combination with the photonics powerline cables of the fiber optic industry. This cross-fertilization has been so successful that now everyone on the planet can participate fully in the fruit of wealth, health and wisdom that the Internet is providing to our homes.
It is often said that the word is mightier than the sword, but we can now see that visual ideas are more powerful than words and swords combined. This expression is the result of the critical distinction between verbal thinking and visual thinking. Human thought and its intelligence develops and expresses itself through the oral, written and visual language that is transduced (converted) into neurons. These neurons are cells that use a language of electrical impulses to communicate messages from the brain to the rest of the body.
[2] The language of words according to Noam Chomsky is established by the rules and representations of verbal thinking, a universal grammar embedded in the genetically determined core of our cognitive brain in the cortex; it is a digital or discrete structure.
[3] On the other hand, the visual language is established by the laws of light in the eye-brain relation of the visual cortex; it is a continuous or analog structure. More precisely, the visual system is an optical-electro-chemical field of information, knowledge, memory and imagination.
It is now widely recognized that Einstein was a visual thinker, a person who thinks in pictures. But it is less known that the visual language of lasers he conceived is now uniquely poised to be the universal character of intelligence or coherent thought. Einstein’s visual language expressed itself through his creative imagination, which was grounded in a tradition of powerful visual thinkers like Galileo, Faraday, Maxwell, Poincar, among others, and their ideas about light. Yes, Einstein conquered the calculus—invented by Newton and Leibniz in the 17th century—between the ages of twelve and sixteen. But to him, imagination was more important than knowledge of mathematics or other verbal sources of thought. “Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited, whereas imagination embraces the entire world, stimulating progress, giving birth to evolution.”
[4] It was precisely at the tender age of sixteen in 1895 that he imagined himself riding a bicycle at the speed of light (670 million miles per hour or 186,000 miles per second).
[5] In that flight of imagination, he overturned Newton’s conception of an absolute time and space and discovered the invariance of light. And so this is why even though his imagination was stimulated and guided by mathematics it took him ten years to find the appropriate mathematical language to express his vision about the space-time continuum of light. Furthermore, it took him another eleven years (until 1916) after his miraculous year of 1905 to establish his groundbreaking laser theory, which was experimentally verified in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum with the maser in 1954 and came to fruition in the optical region in 1960 with the ruby laser. Eight years later he followed up with the implicit visual idea of coherency in atomic matter in the 1924 paper on the Bose-Einstein Condensation, which was experimentally verified and made explicit in 1995. This paper, in turn, gave us the atomic laser in 1997. Finally, in 1935, he gave us his last successful contribution on light, titled “Can quantum mechanical description of reality be considered complete?”
[6] Through the evolutionary critique of this last document, laser physicists have developed our current experience with laser entanglement, which was experimentally verified in 1983 and gave us quantum computing, quantum cryptography and atomic teleportation today. And so in his most productive period, 1905 to 1935, he placed light at the center of physics, thereby enabling our current quantum science to empower mankind with the most useful visual instruments ever invented. We can now ask, what is the nature of this light? And get a coherent answer, provided we give Einstein a legitimate voice in our quantum discourse.
The image-making faculty of his visual sense thereby informed and guided the evolution of our laser intelligence. Einstein’s visual thinking in this sense initiated what Dr. David Nolte designates as “a new kind of intelligence.” What started as Leibniz’s proposal for a universal language is now completed. Thanks to Dr. Nolte’s vision of a “universal language of visual symbols,” Leibniz’s dream can now be developed and expressed through the parallel advantage of lasers and their holographic images. Dr. Nolte’s discovery culminates with the New Principia of Whitehead and Russell. “Two centuries after Leibniz formed his ideal of a symbolic language of human thought and knowledge, a thorough and complete effort to establish such a language was completed. Beginning with simple definitions and laws, the Principia moves upward into ever more complex constructions and derivations of logical propositions and relations—all in an unambiguous visual notation, requiring no words or “language.”
[7] This visual notation symbolizes the ultimate state of axiomatic abstraction in which the consciousness of an accomplished axiomatician is elevated.
[8] In this state of consciousness the empty structures of logical symbols are filled with a superior insight of the coherent universe. This is the mirror image of how Einstein described his method of thinking. Psychologist Robert B. Dilts says that “Einstein claimed to think primarily in terms of visual images and feelings . . . Verbal and mathematical representation of his thoughts came only after the important creative thinking was done.” In fact, Einstein attributed his scientific prowess to what he called a “vague play” with “signs,” “images,” and other elements, both “visual” and “muscular.” “This combinatory play,” Einstein wrote, “seems to be the essential feature in productive thought.” Regarding his Theory of Relativity, Einstein told Max Wertheimer, “These thoughts did not come in any verbal formulation. I very rarely think in words at all.”
[9] Einstein’s radiant thoughts are therefore deeply rooted in a visual language that is grounded in the space-time continuum of light. For Einstein “the ordering and creation of a continuum is thinking”
[10] In his own words Einstein ponders and answers this fundamental question.
What, precisely, is “thinking”? When, at the reception of sense impressions, memory-pictures emerge, this is not yet “thinking.” And when such pictures form series, each member of which calls another, this too is not yet “thinking.” When, however, a certain picture turns up in many such series, then—precisely through such return—it becomes an ordering element for such series, in that it connects series which in themselves are unconnected. Such an element becomes an instrument, a concept. I think that the transition from free association or “dreaming” to thinking is characterized by the more or less dominating role which the “concept” plays in it. It is by no means necessary that a concept must be connected with a sensorily cognizable and reproducible sign (word); but when this is the case thinking becomes by means of that fact communicable.
[11] According to Dr. Nolte the critical weakness of the verbal language is the human comprehension bottleneck it produces. “The way a system ‘thinks’ reflects the architecture of the system, which is to say, different structures ‘think’ in different ways.” The linguistic structure processes information in a serial or linear format, one word or sentence sequentially and discretely, while the visual structure processes information in parallel mode or one whole image at once, continuously. The verbal rate of understanding is very slow, while the visual rate is super fast. The evolutionary, biological and social-educational problem is that the visual mode of learning, which is primary, has become subservient to the verbal mode.
[12] When the visual signal is transduced into the bio-electric-chemical nerve impulse or verbal code, the speed of light (300,000 meters per second) is reduced to the cellular speed of 3 meters per second. This linguistic bottleneck is precisely what nonbiological laser intelligent model building will revolutionize, reverse or, better, yet eliminate. The laser intelligence of the upcoming optical computer vision system that humanity will be able to upgrade to “promise abstract and associative ‘reasoning,’ based on images and symbols that exist within a language of spatial and spectral (color) relationships.”
[13] Thomas G. West in his powerful new book, Thinking like Einstein, Returning to Our Visual Roots with the Emerging Revolution in Computer Information Visualization, highlights exactly what the LaserEnlightened Vision is essentially about. He gave a clear illustration of visual thinking and learning when he quoted the work of W. Davis, H. Porta, and J. Uhl, in Calculus & Mathematica
[14] “One of the beauties of learning the Calculus & Mathematica way is your opportunity to learn through graphics you can interact with. In this course, your eyes will send ideas directly to your brain. And this will happen without the distraction of translating what your eyes see into words. Take advantage of this opportunity to learn visually with pure thought uncorrupted by strange words. The words go onto an idea only after the idea has already settled in your mind. This aspect of Calculus & Mathematica distinguishes it from other math courses.”
One of the best definitions of the visual cognitive faculty I develop in this book is found in a seminal work titled Visual Thinking by Rudolph Arheim, Professor Emeritus of the psychology of art at Harvard University. My contention is that the cognitive operations called thinking are not the privilege of mental processes above and beyond perception but the essential ingredients of perception itself. I refer to such operations as active exploration, selection, grasping of essentials, simplification, abstraction, analysis and synthesis, completion, correction, comparison, and problem solving, as well as combining, separating, and putting into context. These operations are not the prerogative of any one mental function; they are the manner in which the minds of both man and animal treat cognitive material at any level. There is no basic difference in this respect between what happens when a person looks at the world directly and when he sits with his eyes closed and thinks. By cognitive I mean all mental operation involved in the receiving, storing and processing of information: sensory perception, memory, thinking, learning.”
My primary objective in this visual book is therefore to open our laser-eyes—that is, the visual coherence of cognition within the visual cortex—to the coherent light of life that is radiating its pure thoughts from a coherent quantum world. This visual book focuses the universal power of Microvision’s new laser intelligence on the readers’ mind’s eye so that it may strengthen the competence of the visual thinker. I regard the visual thinker as an individual endowed by scientific reason with the right to an everlasting healthy life, with economic and intellectual liberty as well as the happiness that comes from visually knowing the brilliant world that is emerging for the mind-body. It is precisely through laser technology that we can liberate our visual intelligence from the biological or cultural constraints of verbal cognition.
I propose the following thesis on the proportional equivalence between Einstein’s radiant thoughts and its emergence in the real world and the laserlight that illuminates the New Lambdasphere (the new laser infrastructure of the Internet and the whole universe). In general the thesis emerged from a bibliographic research project into the coherent foundation of the universe. More specifically, it became a search for the legitimate convergence between Einstein’s scientific vision, the space-time continuum of light that provided the framework for his thinking and the multiplicity of applications to the information industry. The New Lambdasphere emerged from this search as the universal field of realization.
The Fiber Optics infrastructure of the New Lambdasphere illuminates humanity with a quadruple play of services: power, video, audio and data over the internet. Photo courtesy Corning
The New Lambdasphere is a fiber optics term invented by George Gilder.
[15] According to him: The New Lambdasphere is a light wave or lambda network that is enabled by wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) of many colors of infrared light on each fiber thread… Today these Lambdas or Lasers are proliferating quicker than Moore’s Law (microprocessor power doubles every eighteen months), with total bandwidth per optical fiber increasing faster still—perhaps four times a year.
[16] Terry Turpin of Essex (ESEX) . . . confirmed his claim that 16,000 lambdas could be put stably and efficiently on a single fiber.
[17] The New Lambdasphere is truly in Gilder’s vision “an immense global network of some 183 million miles of fiber-optic lines each with a potential capacity measurable in terabits (10 to the 12th) per second.”
[18] Einstein’s coherent, continuous and directed quantum-relativistic heirs emerged as the illuminators of this universal laser intelligence.
“The new millennial paradigm combines microcosm and telecosm in a new cornucopian convergence of optical networks and spectronic wireless. Its first fulfillment came in Asia, in South Korea and China. The Asian advances have been analyzed for subscribers in Gilder Technology Report issues. Some ascendant companies have tripled or more during 2002 and 2003.”
[19] Gilder truly opened my laser-eyes to the coherent quantum rainbow of lasers in the fiber optics of dense wave division multiplexing, or DWDM, on the Internet cloud. This opening of my laser-eyes prompted the hyperlink between quantum physics and relativity theory. This reticular activation emerged simultaneously with the appearance of Gilder’s book, Telecosm, How Infinite Bandwidth Will Revolutionize Our World (September 2000). From chapter 1, “Maxwell’s Rainbow,” all the way through to chapter 19, “The Meaning of the Light,” he confirmed to me that this coherent quantum revelation clearly fulfills the promise of health, wealth and wisdom for all mankind.
George Gilder was the one who truly embraced this precious laser light when he stated that
Lambdas are the physicist’s term for wavelengths or ‘colors’ of light—the bearers of bit streams down fiber optic lines. The most important industrial invention of the last decade is wavelength division multiplexing (WDM): putting many colors of light on a single fiber strand and a thousand strands in a single cable. Having predicted thousands of lambdas on a fiber—and a million lambdas in a cable—in hundreds of speeches, articles, and newsletters for more than a decade, having launched a company and a monthly report on this premise five years ago, having held seven rousing conferences devoted to this vision, and having written Telecosm to make it all clear, I can say that thousands of wavelengths on a fiber is part of my DNA . . . On the Forum, in my books, and on the road, for the last decade I have been celebrating the light wave or ‘lambda’ network—a circuit switched system as simple and robust and enduring for multimedia communications as the public switched telephone network has been for voice. Essential to fulfill the dreams and business plans of Internet entrepreneurs, such a broadband bonanza can spur the economy out of its current doldrums. Enabled by wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) many colors of infrared light on each fiber thread, this New Lambdasphere can both fuel and fund a multi-trillion dollar agenda for thousands of vendors of optical equipment over the next decade.
[20] In general, the laser started out as a solution looking for a problem, but has now turned out to be the possible solution to all our problems. More specifically, it is the all-optical knowledge home solution for the smart homeowner as a participant in a trillion-dollar knowledge-based enterprise (Microsoft) that we focus on in this book. According to Cheryl Tsang, author of Microsoft First Generation; The Success Secrets of The Visionaries Who Launched a Technology Empire, Microsoft was one of the first corporations to use the global fiber optic network to establish its international subsidiary companies.
[21] Ironically, Microsoft international eventually became more powerful and more productive than its national partner, thanks to the Japanese-American pioneer Scott Okey. Now thanks to the Microsoft Windows Vista operating system working in conjunction with MSN TV and the MS IPTV Edition delivered via fiber to the home, Microsoft’s visual cognition software system integrated into Microvision’s Retinal Laser Display will be enriching our LaserEnlightened Homes.
Relativistic Optics. For light of ordinary intensity (a), the light’s electric field (red waves) makes electrons oscillate at relatively low speeds. At extremely high intensities (b), the electrons oscillate at nearly the speed of light, and the light’s magnetic field (blue waves) makes them fly forward with very high momentum.
[22] I now continue with Gilder in order to further clarify his sense of the New Lambdasphere.
In optical communications, scientists manipulate the properties of lightwaves. Undulating through a point in space like a sine function, the waves exhibit characteristics of length (the distance from one wave peak to the next), frequency (the number of waves passing a fixed point in one second), and amplitude (the height of the peaks and troughs). In a given medium each color of light has a unique frequency and a unique wavelength. By causing these lightwaves to interact, or interfere, in such a way that some colors are aligned additively at their peaks and hence strengthen, while other colors’ peaks are aligned with troughs and hence cancel, we can combine (multiplex) more than one color simultaneously onto one fiber. By reversing the process, we can separate (demultiplex) these same WDM waves when we need them. Each wavelength or frequency, also called a channel, bears information in an optical network. The more channels the more connectivity, as each lambda can form a connection much the way fiber itself does when only one channel is present. As WDM channels multiply, they become more densely spaced on the frequency spectrum they require more compact, box-like shapes so they don’t overlap, producing a phenomenon called crosstalk.
[23] This WDM crosstalk, however, is the key to what David D. Nolte calls “the control of light by Light,” and is also the foundation of “a new kind of intelligence . . . the intelligence of light.”
[24] This laser intelligence is holographic, meaning that it is transmitted via the parallel advantage of laser Light in dynamic holograms. Continuous real-time holography, called dynamic holography, is performed using nonlinear optical crystals,” or laser diodes
[25] MONDAY, MARCH 27, 2006 LONGMONT, CO – InPhase Technologies, the world’s leader in holographic data storage, announced today that it has demonstrated the highest data density of any commercial technology by recording 515 gigabits of data per square inch. Holographic storage is a revolutionary departure from all existing recording methods because it takes advantage of volumetric efficiencies rather than only recording on the surface of the material. InPhase will deliver the industry’s first holographic drive and media later this year. The first generation drive has a capacity of 300 gigabytes on a single disk with a 20 megabyte per second transfer rate. The first product will be followed by a family ranging from 800GB to 1.6 terabyte (TB) capacity.
[26]
In the New Lambdasphere, nonlinear optics allows lasers to be both “masters and servant of information.” According to Prof. Nolte, Optical fibers are excellent media in which to have light controlling light through optical nonlinearities. Even though . . . the virtues of fiber linearity, which allow multiple signals, as in time division multiplexing (TDM) and wave division multiplexing (WDM), to travel down the same fiber without affecting each other. This apparent paradox is resolved by considering the dividing line between linear optics and nonlinear optics. The essence of nonlinearities is that they depend on intensity as well as the frequency and coherence of the light. If intensities are small, then nonlinearities do not hamper the signal propagation. . . . On the other hand, if high intensities are used, and if individual signals share coherence, then indeed one propagating signal will affect another. This type of interaction forms the basis of the control of light by light inside fibers.
[27] This nonlinear intelligent principle of lasers is the fundamental key that will guide our coherent minds to the mastery of that vast library of knowledge and wisdom now available to all on the Lambdasphere.
The New Lambdasphere in this radiant sense emerges as the ultimate architectural model for the Internet. With the advent of the book, Mind at Light Speed, by David Nolte a “leading physicist, solid state theorist, and inventor of dynamic holography”.
[28] The New Lambdasphere can now be fully translated and implemented as laser intelligence modeling for the new fiber optic architecture of the Internet. According to Gilder, Nolte has reshaped telecosmic theory for the 21st century. Describing the promise of an all optical Internet and the limitations of human vision, he envisages a new computing and networking architecture based on the massive parallelism of holograms. With Avanex and Terabeam both gaining competitive advantage through holographic techniques, with Essex pursuing the huge advantages of analog optical processing, and with Carver Mead transforming the camera in the image of the human retina, Nolte’s book is a paradigm tour. Lucidly written for the layman, it explores the parallel advantages of light and image in the new era of optics. He ends with an intriguing discussion of quantum computing.
[29] Gilder also gives us a clear picture of the quantity of laser information that our brain will be exposed to in the New Millennium. He calls it appropriately the coming exaflood.
At the time I had no clear notion of what an exabyte was, so I looked it up. It is 1018 terabytes, an inconceivable vastness, best measured in LOCs. At 20 terabytes or 20 million megabytes, the LOC has found favor as a unit of measurement designating roughly the contents of the Library of Congress translated into digital form. Since a megabyte sums up to around a 400-page book, a LOC comprises about 20 million big books. An exabyte is 50 thousand LOCs, which comes to a trillion big books. The 15 Ethernet exabytes would mean more than 15 trillion big books. Imagine a tower of tomes 200 million miles high, reaching twice as far as the sun.
[30] With the advent of this exaflood of coherent knowledge, ignorance, which is our main enemy, will be totally wiped out.
In 2005 Intel announced its invention of the Silicon Laser, extending the power of the laser into the microprocessor and thereby fulfilling the promise of the optical computer (computing at light speed).
Even though Gilder applies the term to the telecommunication industry or telecosm, the neologism Lambdasphere is extended in this study to the whole universe. This extension or continuum of our laser intelligence goes from the human genome—that was accelerated and completed with laser technology—to our brains. With our brains augmented by Microvision’s retinal laser display, we will install and control our LaserEnlightened Homes with Fiber Optics to the Home (FTTH) and in the home (FITH) with JDSU’S photonics powerline network. Our LaserEnlightened Home’s photonics powerline will be directly connected to the PetaWatt Laser System at the National Ignition Facility (NIF), the Laser Megajoule facility or the International thermonuclear Fusion Reactor (ITER), where our laser intelligence produces unlimited clean laser energy. Our laser intelligence will now connect and distribute the photonic powerline network to the all-optical laser Internet. Through this laser empowered global Internet we are enabling our laser intelligence to connect with the geomagnetic sphere (Aurora Borealis and Australis) and its “Electron Cyclotron Maser, which is like a natural laser except at radio frequencies.” Through the interplanetary electron cyclotron maser in the geomagnetic sphere we will extend our laser intelligence to the solar system and its coherent connection to the plasma of laser stars (quasars) within our Milky Way galaxy. And through these quasars (the most powerful lights in the universe) we will connect our laser intelligence to the coherent cosmic background radiation (the oldest light of the universe). And, finally, through this coherent global connection we will inject, awaken and recreate the universe with our laser Intelligence.
The New Lambdasphere actually emerged from Einstein’s visual laser tradition. The thesis is best illustrated by a proportional thought structure: mankind’s rational thought is to the real world what Einstein’s LaserEnlightened Vision is to the New Lambdasphere. The thesis can also be visualized as Einstein’s radiant thoughts being captured by our visual cortex via the retinal laser display on the Internet in the form of a coherent quantum rainbow of lasers. Einstein’s laser intelligence is now projected globally through the New Lambdasphere unto the whole universe.
Spin wallpaper from Pangolin LaserDesign Systems. The spiral is the fundamental structure of our universe, our brains and our DNA.
This coherent quantum rainbow of lasers illustrates Ray Kurzweil’s opposite spiral of the Law of Time and Chaos, which he called the inverse Sub Law of Accelerating Returns: As order exponential increases, time exponentially speeds up . . . In an evolutionary process, it is order—the opposite of chaos—that is increasing. In a chaotic thermodynamic system, time is asymmetrical (past to future); in an ordered quantum system, time is symmetrical (future to past). In his powerful book, The Singularity is Near, When Humans Transcend Biology (Viking Penguin 2005), Dr. Kurzweil brings to fruition his vision of the evolution of intelligence.
The significance of the LaserEnlightened thesis emerged from a profound reflection on the quantum optics of the ruby laser. The ruby crystal laser is significant because it was the first medium—that contained the fluorescent properties of photons, which are a precondition for lasing—used to unleash the New Lambdasphere. Through it on May 16, 1960, Theodore Maiman gave birth to Einstein’s powerful conception of the laser theory (first proposed in the summer of 1916). In his own words, Maiman conveys the excitement of that very special instant of the birth of the laser via the electromagnetic presence of the number 950. “When we got past 950 volts on the power supply, everything changed! The output trace started to shoot up in peak intensity and the initial decay time rapidly decreased. Voila. This was it! The Laser was born!”
[31] And now thanks to his application of Einstein’s law of coherent light, known as Stimulated Emission of Radiation and Absorption, this powerful light is now available to all mankind as such.
Moreover, it was Einstein’s focus on the coherent light of nature that helped mankind to realize the true value of Galileo’s problem of the light. In The Evolution of Physics, Einstein and Infeld stated that “Galileo formulated the problem of determining the velocity of light, but he did not solve it. The formulation of a problem is often more essential than its solution, which may be merely a matter of mathematical or experimental skill. To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old problems from a new angle, requires creative imagination and marks real advance in science.”
[32] Just like Galileo’s visualization and mathematization of the light of nature enabled Einstein to access the coherent light of nature, so Einstein enabled Maiman to appropriate for us the universal message of lasers and made it accessible for us today. Galileo was to Einstein what Einstein was to Maiman, this was the proportional vision that guided the development of this inquiry into the New Lambdasphere. The laser community inherited this coherency from Einstein and Maiman and it is our responsibility to transmit it to all humanity and to the entire universe.
The LaserEnlightened thesis within Einstein’s coherent quantum tradition has yielded not only a new understanding of the laser but, more important, a new way of living its message. This book intends to fulfill this new understanding and to provide the means to realize this new living via Microvision’s Retinal Laser Display. The LaserEnlightened book is now directing humanity’s growing laser body of knowledge to the informed life of the New Lambdasphere, the emerging new world of laser intelligence.
Microvision’s wearable “augmented vision” display, as they describe it, is incorporated into eyeglasses, goggles or helmets. Microvision’s technology display is a computer image that doesn’t block the user’s view but instead superimposes a high-contrast monochromatic or color image on top of it. This ability can enhance the safety, precision and productivity of professionals performing complex tasks.
The LaserEnlightened book’s mission is therefore to bring the coherent quantum infrastructure of Einstein’s Law of Stimulated Emission Radiation directly into our foreheads through our retina which is thereby intensified by Microvision’s retinal laser display.
The Virtual Retinal Display (VRD), as it is called by Dr. Thomas Furness, its original inventor, and described as an augmented reality eyewear, was developed under a four-year research and development contract between the University of Washington and Microvision.
[33] Microvision’s retinal laser displays are only the initial phase of the advent of that master eyewear called laser-eyes in which the full potential of a visual thinker is realized. With Microvision’s enrichment of our laser-eyes three conceptual spaces are integrated into our lived perceptions: Einstein’s LaserEnlightened Vision, the Microsoft.net platform and Dr. Nolte’s dynamic holographic principles and universal visual language. Our laser-eyes will employ the continuous laser with this dynamic holographic technique to bring the intelligence of lasers directly into our brains via the neural network of the retina. And with our laser-eyes fully opened we will see and live in the New Lambdasphere.
Microvision’s Nomad Expert Technician System, as it is called, is actually programmed with Microsoft’s Windows CE.net operating system and interoperates with all major Windows applications via Windows Server 2003 Terminal Services and the Remote Desktop in Windows XP. This design strategy will have a major revolutionary impact on the entire software development community. As we can now witness, every major industry (astronomical, medical, industrial, electrical, informational, and the like) that the laser has entered—in its short forty-six year history—it has revolutionized. Microvision’s partnership with Microsoft is now beginning to bear fruit. Just recently the Microvision website announced the following headline: “Microvision partners with Microsoft in featuring Nomad Expert Technician System to global Windows developer community.”
Microvision’s Nomad Expert Technician System was featured as a case study in the keynote speech by Suzan DelBene, Microsoft vice president of marketing, at the Microsoft Mobile & Embedded DevCon (MEDC 2005), in Las Vegas on May 11. MEDC 2005 was attended by over 2,000 developers, engineers and business managers.
As a result of the success at the MEDC 2005 event, Microsoft made plans to take the Nomad System worldwide during June in a continuation of MEDC 2005. The Nomad System will also be featured at MEDC events in Korea, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Malaysia, and China.
MEDC 2005 was the premier event for developers, engineers and business managers to share and learn more about the latest Windows Embedded and Windows Mobile platforms and how to build and bring to market devices and applications.”
[34] The implications of this historical event for the world of laser information processing are staggering. To give a brief idea of what this means, let us take a look at the role of Bill Gates within Microsoft.
In The Post Capital Society, Peter F. Drucker stated that knowledge is the central economic resource of the Information Age, with the productivity of knowledge as the main problem to solve. Furthermore, Drucker continues, “the productivity of knowledge work—still abysmally low—will become the economic challenge of the knowledge society. On it will depend the competitive position of every single country, every single industry, every single institution within society,”
[35] and also every individual. In response to this challenge an initial solution emerged from the software products developed by the most productive knowledge manager today, Bill Gates. So when we explore the Microsoft website, we find the Microsoft Certified Professionals to be the true heirs of a vast knowledge base that is now equivalent to a great goldmine. The explorer quickly becomes aware of Microsoft’s knowledge management strategies with the Digital Nervous System initiative, outlined in Bill Gates’s book, Business at The Speed of Thought. And with Microvision’s integration of Microsoft’s visual cognition software into the retinal laser display, a more advanced solution for the productivity of knowledge is now clearly emerging.
In The Age of Spiritual Machines, When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence, by Ray Kurzweil, we encounter the best description of the real visual programmer and his or her creative potential: “The computer programmer is a creator of universes for which he alone is the lawgiver. . . . No playwright, no stage director, no emperor, however powerful, has ever exercised such absolute authority to arrange a stage or a field of battle and to command such unswervingly dutiful actors or troops,” according to Joseph Weizenbaum. Bill Gates is a perfect example of the visual programmer as creator of the most valuable enterprise in the new economy. Microsoft individually peaked with an estimated $553 billion-market valuation on December 22, 1999, and Gates’s personal net worth climbed to $115 billion with twenty-two percent ownership. This valuation highlights Microvision’s laser-focused strategy and its positioning within the Microsoft ecosystem when we read about the upcoming Trillion Dollar Enterprise in which Microsoft is strategically positioned as the keystone player.
[36] The trillion-dollar prediction came to fruition with the publication in 2004 of The Keystone Advantage, What the New Dynamics for Business Ecosystems Mean for Strategy, Innovation, and Sustainability, by Marco Lansiti and Roy Levien.
[37] “The Microsoft Partner Eco-System is what makes the company so valuable. Business success at Microsoft depends largely on its relationships with nearly 700,000 independent software vendors, system integrators, resellers, and other partners worldwide. These partners in turn benefit from their relationships with Microsoft, and their success helps them to expand their businesses, create more jobs, and stimulate their local economies.”
[38] Bill Gates’s coherent global brain power and his digital nervous system initiative were quickly installed into Windows 2000 and its subsequent versions. The seed or DNA (Distributed Network Architecture) of Windows 2000 was unveiled to the public in the book Understanding COM , by David Platt (page 4), where he states that “the next frontier of application development is the distributed system, otherwise known as the enterprise system, where different programs on different machines actually interact with each other. Application developers are only now beginning to plow this fallow field. And COM is the seed.” This little book also introduced us to Greg Hope, architect for the Microsoft COM team who also gave us a powerful insight to the Microsoft chief software architect. “It is worthwhile to step back and briefly examine what we are trying to enable here and what COM’s role is in the bigger picture. In his latest book, Business at the Speed of Thought (Warner Books,1999), Bill Gates addresses the following to CEOs: “Business is going to change more in the next ten years than it has in the last fifty,” and “How you gather, manage, and use information will determine whether you win or lose.” He then describes a step–by-step program for implementing a digital nervous system to enable information flow, and discusses the role of Microsoft Windows DNA as the application architecture. Pretty heavy stuff and, you ask, what exactly binds Windows DNA together? You guessed it, COM ”
I now realized why Bill Gates assumed the title of chief software architect at Microsoft. By practicing LaserEnlightened image streaming, a visualization exercise found in the book, The Einstein Factor, by Dr. Win Wenger, I imagined how the emergence of the New Lambdasphere (rainbow lasers) via the Internet cloud was generated from a confluence of laser light wave division multiplexing. Here, I realized that the successful key to the Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP) program and to the Microsoft Corporation resides in the laser-like focus they apply to the Microsoft Solutions Framework Enterprise Architecture or MSFEA.
The Microsoft Windows Architecture 1: Study Guide declares that the “MSFEA is a coherent, unified technology plan. IT (information technology) architecture emphasizes a holistic framework of process, interactivity, and technology; intensely focused on achieving business goals and objectives.” It also clearly defines Bill Gates’s new commitment to architecture-first design and practice as chief software architect. “An IT architect is a person who designs and guides a technology plan that is coherent and unified. Both the architecture and the architect provide direction for IT work. By concentrating on these essentials, an architecture-first approach endeavors to achieve results that can be implemented effectively, while minimizing artificial complexity.” These assertions also clarified the Microsoft logo, a destiny or directional question framed as: Where do you want to go today? At the heart of this Architecture First-Approach (AFA) for planning, building and managing almost any business activity are the simple questions we can ask about any project:
| How did we get to this point?
How do we know where we are going?
Why are we going there?
What tasks are necessary to get there?
In what order should we do the tasks?
How will we know when we have arrived?
What else do we need to consider? AFA strives to answer these questions early in the life of a project, and continually provide a reference guide throughout the project. AFA also helps an organization strike the appropriate balance between:
Business-driven requirements.
Critical design decisions.
Human resource requirements over the life of the project.
Financial impacts on the organization.
A reflection on the interaction of the retinal laser display with the human brain puts us face to face with that grand architect of our civilization, the visual faculty of reasoning and its coherent imagination. The augmentation of this precious faculty with the retinal laser display via the Microsoft Solutions framework brings to fruition a new generation of software designers. The Microsoft developer analogy with an architect’s design of a home, building or a city equally applies to the LaserEnlightened Vision of the 3D transformations or visualization pipeline. There is now a profound convergence between computer vision and human vision. The visual studio programmer now works directly with the human visual cortex. All his or her programs are displayed not by external liquid crystal display (LCD) or cathode ray tube (CRT) screens but by the internal crystalline lens of the human eyes. This is a very significant development in the history of computer programming. The implications for 3D animation, simulations, visualization, virtual reality, augmented reality and functionally equivalent recreations are extraordinary. Ray Kurzweil’s inverse sub law of accelerating returns for the human brain and the start of the singularity (Epoch 5: the merger of technology and humanity) is visually here. “By the end of this decade, computing will disappear as a separate technology that we need to carry with us. We’ll routinely have high-resolution images encompassing the entire visual field written directly to our retinas from our eyeglasses and contact lenses (the Department of Defense is already using technology along these lines from Microvision, a company based in Bothell, Washington).
[39] Lee Adams Visualization & Virtual Reality, 3D Programming with Visual Basic for Windows via the retinal laser display, could direct the Microsoft developer to the ultimate heights with his concept of knowledge-based programming with its Boolean logic, Bayesian logic, Heuristic logic as well as different forms of cognitive computing, including fuzzy logic, neural networks, and genetic algorithms.
[40] VB.net and virtual reality modeling language for the New Lambdasphere is also here. The advent of Web applications with Microsoft Visual Studio MCSD (Microsoft Certified Solution Developer) training kit along with Microsoft SQL Server Data Warehousing training kit is also here. And finally with Einstein’s LaserEnlightened Vision integrated within the MCSD architect program for the development of the visual language of lasers our mission will be consistent and completed.
The coupling of the Microvision retinal laser display to the Microsoft Certified Professional curriculum is perhaps the best way to leverage the power of Bill Gates’s coherent global brain with his digital nervous system. Software development, administration, services and maintenance with the MCP and the retinal laser display is motivated by three key words: integrated, in-depth and intense. The MCP/RLD approach to technical education is based on an understanding of the Windows server/client and peer to peer platform and its productive application to the New Lambdasphere. With the integration of the retinal laser display in education, we can experience a profound shift in awareness owing to the heightened sense of well being that comes from personal laser power. We can feel young, healthy, wealthy and wise. Our self-esteem will soar because we can successfully apply the balanced combination of analytical, creative and practical intelligence.
[41] The MCP/RLD curriculum can be easily implemented by the Microsoft Certified Trainer (MCT) through the Microsoft Certified Partner for Learning Solutions. This approach will help solve the problem highlighted in Information Rules, by Carl Shapiro and Hal R. Varian, in the section on “the economics of attention,” page 6, where they quote the Nobel prize-winning economist Herbert Simon saying “a wealth of information creates a poverty of attention.” Nowadays, the problem is not information access but information overload. . . . This is why I consider the MCP/RLD method the most effective way to master the MCP curriculum. MCP/RLD produces real value when it serves as a master information provider by locating, filtering and communicating to us what is truly useful to focus on. This brings to the foreground a book titled Focus; The Future of Your Company Depends On It, by Al Ries. In brief, success depends on doing what you do best—and expanding from there. It means staking out a narrow focus on your expertise by aligning everything within your organization to serve its mission, dominate your specific market position and integrate it to the global net.
In the February 2000 issue of Fortune magazine, the cover story, a prescient article titled “The Men Who would Be King: Bill Gates and Steve Case. Next Generation Windows Services,” promises users a unified view of all Microsoft data and applications. This platform will enable other developers to better participate in the Internet revolution. It almost sounds like Microsoft wants to become the Internet. The new direction is already visible with Microsoft Office Online, which was launched with a few telecom partners, including British Telecom and Digex. The software service resides on servers hosted by asp’s (application service providers); software fixes and minor upgrades can be delivered directly to a user’s computer, allowing these applications to be continually state-of-the-art. Rick Belluzo, who went from Hewlett-Packard to Silicon Graphics and is now head of the consumer division at MSN, redesigned and streamlined the most prominent Microsoft software service. He states that “this new platform is something we intend to build more and more of our services on. So in some ways you will see a tighter coupling of our activities with Microsoft at large . . . We really want to become the consumer franchise of the Information Age”.
Unlike AOL, which is built on its own proprietary software, MSN is a genuine Internet software service. “Our strategy is a true Web infrastructure environment. AOL is a walled environment. They’re kind of running counterforce to the Web’s explosion of opportunity. They will be under constant pressure as people become more at ease with the Web. Building up MSN does not mean building up content. The irony,” Fortune Magazine continues, “of all this talk of openness, of course, is that to pull off his grand strategy Gates must integrate virtually every aspect of his company’s products into one seamless, Internet-based offering. The kinds of ‘Web programs’ the company says it wants to make could extend all the way from the inner guts of a corporate customer’s data centers to user devices like MP3 music players or cell phones . . .”
[42] Gates says, “It’s going to take all the energies of the company to pull this off.” Gates spent more hours discussing technical strategy in the last three months //three months of what? Which year?// than in any two-year period in Microsoft history. He gives an example of his new responsibilities: “There are five different groups who each see a different piece of the user interface we’re doing. I’m going to work with those smart guys and pick a single version. I want to keep them all happy and use the good parts of each one, buts that’s going to take time.” Steve Ballmer shares one conviction with Gates: He has no intention of letting Microsoft’s centrality in the computing world diminish. Ask him if he thinks Microsoft will have as ubiquitous a role among users of technology in the new world of Internet-driven services as it does today, and he replies: “The process of working with ideas, knowledge, communication—I think that’s big, big, big—BIG! And I don’t want to cede that position.” There’s one other thing that’s big, big, big—the new Microsoft vision, the BIG story that Ballmer and Gates are now telling. It may be years before we know whether it’s fact or fiction.
[43] In 2005 the verdict came in: With Microsoft’s Live platform and its embrace of Microvision’s Retinal Laser Display, it is now firmly established not only on the laser infrastructure of the Internet (the New Lambdasphere) but, more important, in the highest intellectual function of the human brain, the visual cortex.
Structure of this Book
Chapter one shows how Einstein ignited the triumphant spark that eventually vindicated his quantum interpretation of the laser. We also see how his interpretation of quantum theory was ridiculed and abandoned by the majority of the quantum community at a terrible cost to the quantum industry.
Chapter two investigates the technological, physiological and psychological structure and function of a coherent global brain.
Chapter three describes the emergence of the New Lambdasphere (the laser intelligent connection between our brains, the Internet and the universe).
Chapter four describes what the LaserEnlightened Home is about and how it is connected to the New Lambdasphere.
Here the focus is on the visual culture of education via Home Technology Integration Solutions with Microvision and Microsoft. It shows how the knowledge assets that reside inside the brain of a knowledge householder as well as in the family culture and its friends can be liberated and guided for health, wealth and wisdom.
The Appendix includes brain empowering exercises with the retinal laser display from:
1. The LaserEyeQ program.
2. Scientific Brain Training with happyneuron.com.
3. Nutritional information for a healthy brain from Dr. Barry Sears of the OmegaRX Zone, and the Fantastic Voyage, Live Long Enough to Live Forever, by Ray Kurzweil and Terry Grossman, M.D.
4. Laser Solutions for Atomic Bomb Defense and Nuclear Waste Management.
5. Laser Solutions for Atmospheric Control of Chaos (hurricanes, tsunami and global warming as well as air and water pollution).
6. Laser Energetic Solution for the elimination of fossil fuel gas and oil.
The Epilogue summarizes the whole book and the implication it has for the intellectual capital industry.
Part 1: How the LaserEnlightened Vision emerged from Einstein’s Brilliant Idea of the Laser
1.1: Genesis of the Laser and its Cosmic Continuum
The time has come for humanity to acknowledge, Theodore Maiman’s LaserEnlightened declaration; “LET THERE BE ‘COHERENT’ LIGHT.”
[44] "Maimans breakthrough with the pulsed ruby laser opened the floodgates. Through the 1960s and 1970s, right up to the present day, scientists and engineers all around the world have produced thousands of different types of Lasers, using all sorts of materials as the "lasing" medium. Laser action has been produced from solids, such as the original ruby crystal, from gases, liquids, and semiconductor very much like the chips used in computers, and even ordinary air."
[45] In its short 45 year history, the laser has penetrated all industries and is now informing the world over. It is now well-positioned to inform our personal home life.
Of the three biographies about and by the inventors (along with Charles Town and Gordon Gould) of the Laser, Maimans version is the only one that gives full credit to Einsteins fatherhood. "It was Albert Einstein in 1916 who laid the foundation and conceived the basic underlying principles on which lasers are based. He formulated and explained the relations that govern the way that atoms and molecules absorb and emit radiation. He introduced a concept key to laser operation, that of stimulated emission of radiation. That is where the ser in laser comes from… "In his famous 1916 treatise on radiation, Einstein came up with a new concept. He showed that atoms already in an excited state (marbles on the table) could lose their energy by another process, other than and in addition to, spontaneous emission of radiation.
He postulated that a photon that has the same energy that the atom has stored in its excited level could interact with this atom and induce, or stimulate, it to radiate its stored energy in the form of another photon. He called this new process stimulated emission.
The outgoing stimulated photon will have the same energy and travel in the same direction as, that of the stimulating photon. The quantum theory analysis of the process shows that not only is the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation associated with the outgoing photon at the same frequency of the stimulating photon, but also the radiation waves are in step with each other. Stimulated emission of radiation is, therefore, coherent." ("Laser Odyssey" by Dr. Theodore Maiman).
[46] Lasers Hall of Mirrors effect on radiation reflecting back and forth between the two mirrors of a high reflectivity laser cavity.
Electric field distribution of a few of the lowest order resonant modes of a cylindrical cavity. Up or down arrows ( red or blue regions) indicate the phase of the electric field and arrow length indicates relative strength.
If the lasing medium is contained within an optical cavity the repeated passes of the stimulated emission output can enhance the gain sufficiently to create a macroscopic electromagnetic mode which can build up to produce a highly coherent, narrow output beam of extreme monochromaticity : The spectral width of the emission line can narrow by four orders of magnitude over spontaneous fluorescence or amplified spontaneous emission. In this regime of operation, a strange oscillatory behavior of the output pulse can be observed, which is attributable to an accelerated rate of stimulated emission which drives the inverted population below threshold, the lasing medium then requires a certain recovery period for the populations to build up above the threshold once again.
If the ions are placed within a cavity, the gain can be significantly improved to the point where the output beam becomes coherent, extremely narrow and of significantly reduced spectral width, essentially producing a single resonant mode of electromagnetic radiation.
The cavity is used not only to maintain a large enough electromagnetic field strength to stimulate emission from excited ions but also to maintain feedback and thus coherence of the output beam.
The optical cavity serves to
a) improve the gain (by multiple passes)
b) monochromaticity of the output beam (by Fabry-Perot mode selectivity).
c) coherence of the output beam, partly due to a) and partly due to b).[47]
After Schawlow and Townes published their paper on the possibility of laser action in the infrared and visible spectrum it wasnt long before many researchers began seriously considering practical devices. Most experts were speculating that gases would be the first to lase in the optical and infrared. It came as a surprise that ruby was the first substance to produce laser action in the visible spectrum (Maiman, 1960)...
Ruby Laser
The ruby laser is the first type of laser actually constructed, first demonstrated in 1960 by T. H. Maiman. The ruby mineral (corundum) is aluminum oxide with a small amount (about 0.05%) of chromium which gives it its characteristic pink or red color by absorbing green and blue light.
The ruby laser is used as a pulsed laser, producing red light at 694.3 nm. After receiving a pumping flash from the flash tube, the laser light emerges for as long as the excited atoms persist in the ruby rod, which is typically about a millisecond.
A pulsed ruby laser was used for the famous laser ranging experiment which was conducted with a corner reflector placed on the Moon by the Apollo astronauts. This determined the distance to the Moon with an accuracy of about 15 cm.
HyperPhysics***** Quantum Physics ***** Optics
Go Back
Pumping Levels for Ruby Laser
(Ruby laser discussion)
HyperPhysics***** Quantum Physics ***** Optics
Go Back
Ruby Laser and Flash Tube
(Ruby laser discussion)
HyperPhysics***** Quantum Physics ***** Optics
Go Back
The ruby laser verified Einsteins LaserEnlightened Vision of the cosmos in the optical or visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. And it also confirmed his vision in the invisible region or infrared with the Ruby Maser. There is growing evidence in support of the idea that LaserLight is the fundamental light of the cosmos, which is present in the symmetrical afterglow known today as the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation.
The Microwave Ruby Maser (Tabor and Sibilia, 1963) used by Penzias and Wilson (1965) to discover the 3 Kelvin microwave black body cosmic background radiation.
It was Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson who were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1978 for their detection of the Cosmic MIcrowave Background Radiation in 1965, thanks to their application of the Microwave Ruby Maser (Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation). This cosmic microwave background radiation is to most cosmologists, the after glow of the birth of our universe, when light separated from matter. This initial application of the Ruby Maser illustrates how the power of the laser immediately augmented our scientific vision of the universe. The law of affinity that is, like attracts like quickly opened our eyes to the coherent foundation of the world (the original order of the universe).
The First Detailed Full Sky Picture of the Oldest Light in the Universe.
The light that is reaching us has been stretched out as the universe has stretched, so light that was once beyond gamma rays is now reaching us in the form of microwaves. Microwaves are the same as the light we see with our eyes, but stretched out to a longer wavelength.
The science data for the WMAP (The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) mission is stored in a new on-line archive: the Legacy Archive for Microwave Background Data Analysis (LAMBDA). This site provides CMB (cosmic microwave background) researchers with archive data from NASA missions, software tools, and links to other sites of interest.[48]
Comments: Lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Studies Institute ``Structure Formation in the Universe, Cambridge 1999. Authors: Andreas Albrecht. I review the current status of the theory of Cosmic Inflation. My discussion covers the motivation and implementation of the idea, as well as an analysis of recent successes and open questions. There is a special discussion of the physics of ``cosmic coherence in the primordial perturbations. The issue of coherence is at the heart of much of the success inflation theory has achieved at the hands of the new microwave background data.
Penzias (right) and Wilson (left) near the horn antenna used to make their discovery (Courtesy of AT&T archives) of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation in Holmdel, New Jersey. This very-precise microwave laser preamplifier was used by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson (1965) for astronomical research but was originally built by Bell Laboratories for the Telstar satellite communication experiments. After having eliminated all possible sources of noise (including pigeon droppings they nicknamed white-dielectric!) they discovered the 3 Kelvin black body cosmic background radiation. They later won the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery.
Placed within the horn-reflector is the Microwave Ruby Maser (Tabor and Sibilia, 1963) used by Penzias and Wilson (1965) to discover the 3 Kelvin microwave black body cosmic background radiation. The Ruby Maser is the most sensitive amplifier ever made and today they are used in all of the giant radio telescope antennas used in astronomy and in the giant antennas in NASAs Deep Space Network (DSN http://deepspace.jpl.nasa.gov/dsn/) that are used to receive signals and pictures from satellites visiting the planets in the solar system.[49] I am certain that just as the Microwave Ruby Maser led the Nobel prize winners to the oldest light of the universe so will our understanding visual faculty with the Retinal Laser Display, lead us to the recognition of our essential identity as rational human beings endowed with the scientific power to know Einstein’s LaserEnlightened Vision of the New Lambdasphere (the all-optical laser universe).
Einstein’s LaserEnlightened Vision not only established the agenda for the future understanding of space-time, he also gave us the intellectual power to accomplish the mission of penetrating the foundation of the universe. With the advent of the terrestrial Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory or LIGO[50] and the celestial Laser Interferometer Space Antenna or LISA[51] a new vision of the cosmos will emerge and the most accurate theory of the universe (the general theory of relativity) will be completely confirmed or surpassed.
LIGO Detector: The measurement is performed by bouncing high-power laser light beams back and forth between the test masses in each arm, and then interfering the two arms beams with each other. The slight changes in test-mass distances throw the two arms laser beams out of phase with each other, thereby disturbing their interference and revealing the form of the passing gravitational wave.
LISA Detector: The optical bench within each assembly contains the main optics: the laser beam injection, detection, and beam shaping optics, as well as the gravitational reference sensor. This bench consists of a solid glass block to which all components are rigidly attached.
1.2: Einstein’s Laser Intelligence
Once upon a time in 1884, in the continent of Europe and in the country of Germany there lived in the town of Munich a five year old boy by the name of Albert Einstein. Go to Google Earth Satellite or Windows Live and take a look at his home from outer space and ask yourself where am I looking from? Where am I going? These were the simple questions that Einstein asked himself during the development of his grand theory of relativity.
Einstein at 5 with his little sister Maja in 1884.
Einstein was born with a memory problem for words. Kids with memory problems for words have difficulties remembering words and so learning a language is very painful for them. However even though he had a difficult time learning to speak (he actually starting talking after he was 3 years old, his parents were very worried that he would be a mute but he was very intelligent visually. A visually intelligent kid is a kid who has a high degree of visual intelligence; all kids have intelligence of a different degree and type:
Linguistic intelligence ("word smart"):
Logical-mathematical intelligence ("number/reasoning smart")
Spatial intelligence ("picture smart")? Visual Intelligence? Laser Intelligence
Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence ("body smart")
Musical intelligence ("music smart")
Interpersonal intelligence ("people smart")
Intrapersonal intelligence ("self smart")
Naturalist intelligence ("nature smart")
Being intelligent means you have the capacity to know and think about what you see, hear, touch, smell and taste.
For example when you watch TV or play a video game you are using your visual or spatial intelligence, when you hear and understand what somebody is saying to you, you are using your verbal or linguistic intelligence, when you harmonize with music, you are using your emotional or musical intelligence etc.
One day around 5 years old, while Einstein was sick in bed his father gave him a compass. Now with compass in his hand he started wondering and asking many questions; why is the needle always pointing north? What makes it do this? To answer these fundamental questions he spent the rest of his life investigating the laws of physics. His imagination was now highly stimulated; he started thinking about these wonderful forces of nature, like magnetism and electricity. His father owned a factory where they made street lights, so Einstein grew up playing with some of the electrical gadgets in his fathers shop. But the compass was very inspiring to him because it directed his imagination in a very creative way, with visualization.
A magnetic needle compass (Silva Polaris) showing that no matter where you stand on Earth, you can hold it in your hand and it will always point toward the North Magnetic Pole.
As seen above, the Earths core is thought to consist largely of molten iron (red). But at the very core, the pressure is so great that this super hot iron crystallizes into a solid. Convection (atmospheric transfer or transmission) caused by heat radiating from the core, along with the rotation of the Earth, causes the liquid iron to move in a rotational pattern. It is believed that these rotational forces in the liquid iron layer lead to weak magnetic forces around the axis of spin. The magnetic needle on the compass detects these weak magnetic forces.
The figure shows a schematic of the Earths magnetic field visualized through field lines. In the real world the magnetic axis between the magnetic North and South Poles does not coincide with the axis of rotation exactly, so the actual magnetic field is slightly turned with respect to the axis of rotation. The effect is very small and varies with time. The same magnetic field can be produced if the Earth is replaced by a giant bar magnet as shown.
The Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer was launched into orbit on August 21, 1996. The instruments aboard FAST measure charged particles which enter Earths upper atmosphere; large waves of these particles from the sun begin to glow once inside Earths atmosphere causing a spectacular light show known as the Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights.
One extremely important consequence of the cavity is the generation of Auroral Kilometric Radiation by the electron cyclotron maser mechanism. This mechanism requires both the low density cavity for the maser mechanism to work, and the energetic electron beam which supplies the energy source[52] Auroral Plasma Physics is the study that describes how the ionic or electrically charged gas (4th state of matter after solid, liquid, and gas) generate the coherent light or 5th state of matter in the aurora borealis and australis.
Einstein at 14 years old in 1893.
To visualize is to see thoughts in pictures. In part, because Einstein couldn’t think well in words, he became a powerful visual thinker. To become a powerful visual thinker like Einstein you will need special training of your eyes and imagination. Your imagination is directly linked to your eyes. In fact the imagination is produced by the visual cortex. I designed this book for the purpose of developing your imaginative eye. Your eyes are dependent on light so if you play with light you develop your imagination. Light is an electro-magnetic force which means that it has both electricity and magnetism. That is why the magnetic compass needle is directly connected to the light; it actually comes from the light of the sun (look at the Solar Wind above) and penetrates the Earth’s core.
After Einstein received the compass from his father at 5 he kept playing with it until around 12 years old his visual intelligence got another great boost when he discovered a great book on Euclidean Geometry (geo = earth, metric = measure), the original science of measuring the Earth. Through geometry (the science of space patterns that studies points, lines, curves, waves, spirals and all kinds shapes) Einstein cultivated his mathematical intelligence. The conjunction of his visual intelligence with the logical-mathematical intelligence in this geometry book enabled Einstein to discover the scientific picture of space and the world. This wonderful book trained and directed his imagination into mathematical physics and philosophy. Euclidean geometry comes from Euclid a Greek mathematician who lived about 2500 year ago. The Greeks mathematicians like Pythagoras and Euclid studied and learned a lot from the Egyptians pyramids. We can also learn a lot from the Egyptians.
An Ancient Game of Laser Tag
On a recent archeological expedition near the Great Pyramids of Egypt, the ThinkGeek R&D department made a shocking discovery. The details will be published in a few months, but we couldnt wait to share what we found: the favorite game of the Ancient Egyptians was made of plastic and mirrors, and used lasers. Yes…lasers! It was called Deflexion, and once again it is available for all to enjoy. There are four types of playing pieces, and two of them have mirrors. Game play is simple, and easy to learn, as there are only 3 movement choices. The goal is to eliminate your opponents Pharaoh. And, you eliminate the Pharaoh just like they did in olden times - by firing a red laser! Each side of the board is equipped with its own laser, which you press after your turn. The laser bounces from mirror to mirror (always shooting off at a 90 degree angle). If the laser hits any piece on a non-reflective surface, that piece is removed from play. If you eliminate your opponents Pharaoh, you win. If you eliminate your own Pharaoh, you will be mocked for all time.
By 16 years of age Einstein’s visual and mathematical intelligence was so well developed that he was able to imagine himself riding a bicycle on a wave of light. It was precisely with this thought experiment that light became the central theme of his career. He asked himself; what does a light-wave look like in space/time when you are traveling at the speed of light?
He had such a great adventure with light at 16 that he decided that he wanted to be a Dr. in Physics. Ten years later at 26 years of age in 1905 he finally graduated as a Dr. in Physics. For his graduation he translated into mathematical language what his imagination had seen when he was 16 years old. Through his scientific homework he changed our world in a very powerful way.
He continued to develop his visual and mathematical intelligence and eleven years later in 1916 when he was 37 years old he used his imagination in a very special way again and got the brilliant idea of the laser that everyone uses today. As you will see through out this book, laser light is the most powerful light in the universe.
How is laser light different from the other light sources, like the sun, moon and stars etc? The coherency or the symmetrically ordered structure of the lasers light waves in contrast to the incoherency or disordered structure of the light waves in all other light sources in this universe is the clearest example of the laser format.
Sunlight, moonlight, starlight, bulb light, candlelight, flashlight, fluorescent lights, neon signs, light emitting diodes, are all incoherent and discrete sources, their light waves are disconnected and an impure mixture of colors, (Top figure above, Regular Light). We are essentially living in a world that is protected by the pure coherent light of nature (symmetry of the first law) coming through a Maser/Laser phenomenon called the Aurora Borealis and Australis in the geomagnetic sphere or New Lambdasphere (The Electron Cyclotron Maser above), but this fact is also mixed in with the thermodynamic corruption of incoherent light (asymmetry), which is the second law! And since light is the source of life (photosynthesis), it is through the coherent light of life that the Earth protects our being from harmful radiation and restores it to health, wealth and wisdom. And it is through the incoherent source of light that life is destroyed (entropy). It is now crucial to understand that laser light is the source of life of our visual reason; it is the visible evidence of the reliability of our thoughts. We now know there are Diamond Lasers, Sapphire Lasers, Ruby Lasers and Silicon Lasers etc. Laser Light waves in turn are coherent sources that are connected, continuous and pure (Diamond Laser below). It is now imperative for mankind to consciously embrace and live this new light within itself. We will see how Einstein’s precious vision of light has successfully elevated our visual perception or laser Intelligence of the world and how it is healing our planet today. We will experience the intellectual, educational, and cognitive application of this visual augmentation of the world. And we shall realize how high and profound the character of Einstein’s laser intelligence truly is.
The continuous, directed and coherent laser beam is narrow, pure and symmetrical, it was conceived, discovered and reproduced with the hard sciences and is now the infrastructure of the Internet pathway or Lambda information highway that leads us to the pure foundation of the world. But, since the asymmetrical, discontinuous, random and incoherent light is wide and spacious occupying 98% of all the light sources we use, destruction and confusion on the thermodynamic side of the world is almost inevitable. And because the vast majority of our scientific, technological, cultural, artistic, educational, political, financial, sociological, psychological, philosophical and theological theories are also corrupted by this light—that incoherent source of thinking and ignorance—the great majority of mankind has not realized the full implication of Einstein’s powerful light quanta. But what does all this really mean? It means that originally it is the incoherent source that has distracted our understanding of reality or disconnected our vision from the original coherent light source of nature. And so when we integrate the pure light of lasers into our brains a pure understanding of reality emerges.
1.3: From Einstein’s brilliant Idea of the Laser to the Supercontinuum
Laser pulses with terawatt-level peak power create a conductive pathway in air, guiding an artificially created lightning flash in a laboratory. An unguided flash takes a zigzag pathway (left), while a laser-guided flash takes a straight line (right). One potential application of lasers like the Teramobile (a Mobile Femtosecond-Terawatt Laser and Detection System," Europ. Phys. J. D, published in 2001) is in lightning control. An experiment was held at the Technical University (Berlin, Germany) with the Teramobile in which lightning strikes were guided by the laser beam… The spectral continuum generated by near-infrared terawatt pulses in air had been found to extend from 900 to 1500 nm; recently its extension into the mid-infrared up to 4.5 m was observed. Thus, it is possible to speak of the emitted light, which propagates collinearly with the original laser beam, as a supercontinuum (SC).
[53]. A proportional thought structure clarifies the Law of Accelerating Returns in the microscopic time dimension of lasers; ”A femtosecond is to a second what a second is to 34 million years.”
[54] Einsteins brilliant Idea of the laser dawned on him during a period he called “the greatest satisfaction of my life,” when he was 37 years old in the Summer of 1916. The foundation for the laser theory came to him approximately nine months after he had completed a 10-year effort with the General Theory of Relativity, his grand oeuvre. In turn, 78 years and six months after Einstein’s conception of his coherent vision of light in December of 1994; I read an article in the Scientific American magazine that ignited my interest in lasers. In this article they illustrated the huge progress in micro-lasers and there applications to the infrastructure of the internet. My thoughts were immediately oriented towards Einstein’s legacy within the quantum electro-dynamic science of light. The first quotes I found immediately connected my quest for the laser to Einstein’s vision of light in a very powerful way. I discovered Einsteins major contribution to laser science when he communicated his conception of the quantum light of lasers to his best friends.
In a letter (1/17/1916, Doc.183) to H. A. Lorentz, Einstein expressed a wish. “If only light were shed on the absorption process!” A partial response to his wish came from a letter he received from Arnold Sommerfeld. And in appreciation of Sommerfeld’s disclosure he wrote back to him on 2/8/1916 (Doc.189). “Your letter pleased me very much; your report on the spectral lines enchanted me. A Revelation!” But there was one technical question that needed to be worked out.
Figure 1: Diagram illustrating emission and absorption lines: when light given off by hot gas is decomposed using a prism it is shown to be made up of colored lines (emission lines). When white light shines through a cold gas the resulting light, when decomposed is shown to have dark lines (absorption lines). The emission and absorption lines for the same element match. www.enstimac.fr/~latailla/java/spectre/
It took him about 6 months to figure it out, and so on August the 3rd, 1916 (Doc.246) he wrote back to Sommerfeld stating; “your spectral analyses number among my finest experiences in physics. It is just through them that Bohr’s idea becomes entirely convincing. If only I knew which little screws the Lord is adjusting there!” On 8/11/1916 (doc. 250) he expressed to his friend Michael Besso that with his conception of the theory of Laser Light his wish was granted in a powerful way. “A brilliant idea dawned on me about radiation absorption and emission; it will interest you. An astonishingly simple derivation, I should say the derivation of Planck’s formula. A thoroughly quantized affair. I am writing the paper right now.” Here he is referring to the second paper on quantum radiation (Doc. 38), which was a continuation of the first paper. The Laser idea actually dawned on him sometime in early July or late June because he submitted the first paper, Doc. 34 of Volume 6 in the Collected Papers of Albert Einstein on July 17. “In this endeavor I feel galvanized by the following considerations, which is attractive both for its simplicity and generality. The verb galvanize in this contexted means to apply an electric current to, or being stimulated as if by electric shock; startled; excited. This word is related to Galvanism so called after Luigi Galvani (1737 – 1798) a physiologist and physicist, it means electricity produced by chemical action, a direct electrical current used to stimulate nerves and muscles (The American Heritage College Dictionary). The living presence of this galvanization is to me the fundamental reason for Einstein’s electrified hair style.
According to Einstein with this new LaserEnlightened theory “the analyses can be carried out so effortlessly, and the natural connection to Plancks linear oscillator (as a limiting case of classical electrodynamics and mechanics) seem to make it highly probable that these are the basic traits of a future theoretical representation. Judging from the 21st century this hypothesis was truly prophetic. But his insight into “the little screws the Lord” applies to the light quanta created an ambivalent sense within him. On one side “it can be demonstrated convincely that the elementary processes of emission and absorption are directed processes.” (Doc.251). On the other side “the weakness of the theory is… that it does not bring us closer to a link-up with the undulating theory,… it also leaves time of occurrence and direction of the elementary processes a matter of “chance.‘ Nevertheless, I fully trust in the reliability of the road taking” (Doc. 38). Moreover, in doc. 306 where he discusses his “cosmic considerations” with M. Besso he stated that “the quantum paper I sent out had led me back to the view of the spatially quantum-like nature of radiation energy. But I have the feeling that the actual crux of the problem posed to us by the eternal enigma-giver is not yet understood absolutely. Shall we live to see the redeeming idea?
He died on Aril 18,1955, but had he lived until 1960 he would have seen and heard Theodore Maiman’s enlightened declaration; “LET THERE BE ‘COHERENT’ LIGHT,” (Laser Odysee, 2000) when he invented the first ruby laser. According to Albrecht Folsing in his book Albert Einstein—that period from November 1915 to February 1917 along with the miraculous year of 1905 was undoubtedly the most fruitful period in Einstein’s work. During these fifteen months he produced fifteen scientific treatises (volume 6 of his collected papers), including the two significant contributions to quantum theory and, above all, the brilliant culmination of the general theory of relativity and the foundations of a scientific cosmology in the light of newly discovered possibilities. He produced these achievements in what for him was a difficult time, amid family crises and the noise of war. (Page 393).
For me it was more precisely in a chapter entitled; Enter Einstein on page 21 of a little book I borrowed from the Lancaster PA public library called: LASERS, LIGHT WAVE OF THE FUTURE by Allan Maurer, that I suddenly realized that 98% of all the light sources that we use in this world is actually incoherent, random, diffused and disordered (flash light illustrated above) only the LASER beam is coherent, directed, powerfully focused and ordered (Laser pointer illustrated above).
Once I understood that sunlight, moonlight, candlelight and all other kinds of light sources except the laser (Lower figure) were incoherent (disconnected and out of phase, upper figure) I knew that now humanity was well positioned to understand the true power of it’s visual reasoning faculty. Through this investigation of Einstein’s conception of the quantum light I realized that mankind has a superior visual power of reasoning within itself and that by lifting our LaserEyes to the coherent light of reason, we open ourselves to the fulfillment of our full potential.
The term coherence necessarily refers not to one property of a signal at a single point in space and time, but to a relationship, or a family of relationships, between one signal at one point in space and time, and the same or another signal at other points in space and time… Coherent amplification means in this context that the output signal after being amplified will more or less exactly reproduce the input signal, except for a substantial increase in amplitude.” (Lasers by Anthony Siegman)
With this quote, I started to understand how Einstein’s intelligent vision can now be reproduced with the coherent fidelity of lasers. I discovered that with the power of Lasers we can effectively reproduce Einstein’s concentrated mindset and amplify it. Because through his laser formula he instructed us to cultivate and take care of that light, to make it fruitful and to multiply our powers of thinking and being so that we can be masters of the universe in accordance to his direction. And it was due to Neils Bohr that the quantum community failed to follow Einstein’s original signal, instruction or will and so the quantum community in a large part failed to understand his non statistical position and so disconnected from the coherence of being directly connected to his insight. The quantum community’s tragic failure to live up to Einstein’s original instructions can be traced to an act of listening and believing the useful but deceptive understanding of the statistical interpretation of quantum reality. Finally it was Carver Meads interpretation of Einsteins quantum conjecture that helped me understand the meaning that is attributed to those two fundamental approaches to quantum physics; the discrete, chaotic character and the uncertainty problem on one side and the ordered continuum on the other.
Munir Frederick Bhattis review of Carver Meads book Collective Electrodynamics: Quantum Foundations of Electromagnetism @ Amazon.com is the best summary I have ever seen.
Despite his preface upbraiding physicists for their work of the past 50-75 years, the main text makes reasonable claims based upon well-founded experimental and theoretical results. The book endorses earlier work of Einstein, Feynmann, Reimann, Lorentz, Maxwell, Planck, and others while making computational and conceptual adjustments to accommodate modern experimental results.
Also in the text, Bohr and other die-hard quantum statisticians are continually under attack for their poo-pooing of possible phenomena, algorithms, and concepts behind the observed quantum behavior. Bohr and his clan, apparently, claimed that the statistics made up the whole baseball team of quantum physics--and that we should not, and could not, look further.
In refuting this micro-labotomic approach of Bohr, Dr. Mead makes reference to systems--macroscopic in size--that exhibit quantum behaviors. While he mentions lasers, masers, semiconductors, superconductors, and other systems in the text, the primary results of the book hinge upon experimental results from the field of superconductors. He points out that physics can be split into several areas:
Classical Mechanics explains un-coherent, uncharged systems such as cannon balls, planets, vehicles, etc. Classical Electrodynamics explains un-coherent, charged systems such as conductors, currents, and their fields. Thermodynamics explains how macroscopic statistics, such as temperature and entropy, guide the time evolution of systems. Modern Quantum Mechanics tries to explain coherent, charged systems.
Here coherent refers to quantum coherency, where many particles/atoms march to the same drum such as the photons in a laser, or the electrons in a superconductor, or any isolated one or two particles. Another description of coherency is that the states are quantum entangled; their time-evolution depends upon each other.
The thrust of Carvers book: QM applies to all matter--not just small systems or isolated particles--is well made. He brings up experimental data from superconductors to illustrate that the phenomenon of coherent quantum entanglement can, and does, occur at macroscopic scales; and that such behavior is very quantum. Thus he proves, quite convincingly, that quantum mechanics applies to all coherent systems.
He then closes by making some very important points.
He shows that quantum behavior of such systems can be expressed in quantum language (wave function), relativistic language (four-vectors), or electrodynamics (vector potential, scalar potential) in an equivalent fashion. This is important, as it proves that a superconductor is macroscopic, exhibits quantum behavior, and that these quantitative results agree with those found from the other approaches.
He makes the point that the quantum and relativistic equations show that electromagnetic phenomena consist of two parts: one traveling forward in time; the other backward in time. Feynmann and others have said this for a long time, and he shows how thermodynamics (or un-coherent behavior) forces what we see as only time-evolution in one direction in un-coherent systems.
He illustrates, modeling single atoms as tiny superconducting resonators, that two atoms that are coherently linked will start exchanging energy. This causes an exponential, positive-feedback loop that ends with each atom in a quantum eigenstate. Thus quantum collapse is neither discontinuous, nor instantaneous; and in fact makes a lot of sense.
He explains, using four-vectors, that all points on a light-cone are near each other in four space. This point--together with (2)--shows that theres no causality contradiction between relativity and quantum mechanics. For example, he explains that two entangled particles, such as photons light years apart, can affect each other immediately if one falls into an eigenstate, since the four-dimensional distance between them (R1 dot R2) is zero. Although separated in three space, theyre neighbors in four space. Through these demonstrations and proofs, he successfully suggests that there is a way to further develop the behavior of charged, coherent systems such that quantum mechanics and relativity will agree--but the conceptual changes he suggests are necessary and must be further developed. Also, he admits that a better, more appropriate mathematical and computational methods will be needed, since the complexity of coherent systems runs as n^2.
Pleasantly, then, the book makes elegant, defensible, mathematical and conceptual steps to resolve some nagging points of understanding. Also, the narrative gives the best introduction to electrodynamics and quantum mechanics that Ive ever seen. Since the theoretical criticisms and experimental data are quite valid, his proposed resolutions are eye-opening and valuable. The methods he suggests greatly simplify thinking about complicated quantum/classical problems. New approaches for future theoretical research are also suggested. Despite the dark tone in the preface, the book is positive, enlightening, and well anchored to accepted, modern experimental results and theoretical work.
Its a short book, about 125 pages, and well worth the read. Familiarity with classical and quantum physics, and special relativity, is required to get the most out of it. As you can tell, I enjoyed it tremendously.
In Einstein’s biography, Albrecht Folding refers to Einstein 1916 paper on the quantum radiation of the Laser in a parallel fashion; “Einstein proceeded from Niels Bohr basic—and by then well tested—assumption that the electron within an atom occupy a number of discrete energy states, and are able, through emission or absorption of radiation, to pass from one of those states to another. Added to this was an assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium between radiation field and atom, as well as consideration of the “classical” limiting case at high temperatures—and there was Planck’s formula. This brief argument, a mere two pages, also covers emission stimulated by the radiation field; thus the formulas already, by implication, contain the theory of the laser, though it was to take nearly half a century to be realized.
Fundamentally it was those “well tested assumptions” about the discrete energy states that Einstein debated vehemently against Bohr in 1927 and 1930. He also fought strongly until his deathbed, against the equivocally applied statistical model, to the foundation of quantum reality. Mead stated that “Einstein and Schrdinger both made central contributions to the emerging quantum discipline, but never bought into the orthodoxy of Bohr’s Copenhagen clan. There was no disagreement about the numbers the equations gave for the hydrogen energy levels; the dissent was over the conceptual interpretation of the theory. Bohr insisted that the laws of physics, at the most fundamental level, is statistical in nature… By contrast Einstein famously argued that “the Lord does not throw dice.” He believed that electrons were real and he wrote, in 1949, that he was “firmly convinced that the essentially statistical character of contemporary quantum theory is solely to be ascribed to the fact that this [theory] operates with an incomplete description of physical systems… I agree, the inner theoretical foundation is non-statistical, even though the external mathematical interpretation started out statistically.
It was Carver A. Mead in his great work, cited above--who gave me the clearest explanation of Einstein’s historical and foundational perspective on light. I believe it is exactly as he pointed out, that “to make contact with the fundamental nature of matter, we must work in a coherent context in which the underlying quantum reality has not been corrupted by an incoherent averaging process. Traditional treatments of quantum mechanics universally confuse results that follow from the wave nature of matter with those that follow the statistical nature of the experiment. In the usual picture, these aspects are inextricably intertwined. Einstein himself had a massive case of this confusion and it cost him the debate with Bohr.” (Collective Electrodynamics, Quantum Foundations of Electromagnetism p.5). The source of this confusion is so powerful that Ludwig Boltzmann (1844—1906), the founder of statistical mechanics, took his own life in 1906, partly because he saw no way out of a conflict that he thought had paralyzed his thinking. (Einstein, Decoding the universe, p.30 by Francoise Balibar). Statistical theory is also the fundamental obscurity that prevented Einstein from realizing the unified field theory. "The unified field theory has been put into retirement. It is so difficult to employ mathematically that I have not been able to verify it somehow, in spite of all my efforts. This state of affairs, will no doubt last many years, mostly because physicists have little understanding of logical-philosophical arguments.”
According to Webster’s collegiate dictionary incoherence means lack of coherence, not sticking together, not logically connected, disjointed, rambling in speech and thoughts. In the vegetable kingdom, the photosynthesis of incoherent light produces short-lived corruptible products. Photosynthesis, the harvesting of light energy from the sun and the storage of energy in chemical form for use by the organism to drive its physical processes, it is the principal basis of life on Earth. (Dr. Nolte). In animal biology, incoherence produces the death of a body due to the separation or disintegration of cell and system. And in the brain it produces decoherence, the incoherent quantum aggregates that destroy the coherent quantum state emitted by DNA, the sensory system and the transduced light in the retina. In Geology, incoherence is in a rock or deposit that is loose or unconsolidated, or that it is unable to hold together firmly or solidly. Here we see precisely why the Diamond, the Ruby and the precious stones are the most valuable substances on Earth, their solid integration is the antidote that contains the secrete that leads us to the harmony or coherency of nature. Incoherent light is electromagnetic radiant energy that is out of phases or out of harmony with other waves and which is constituted by a chaotic multiplicity of wavelengths.
Just as Laser Vision Correction surgically cures the physiological maladies of the eyes, Laser Cognition Correction with the Retinal Laser Display will cure our intellectual problems with decoherence (macroscopic destruction of quantum coherence), due to the brains exposure to the incoherent side of the world. Einstein’s first 1905 paper entitled “a heuristic viewpoint concerning the generation and transformation of light,” led him to the formulation of the photoelectric effect that won for him the 1921 Nobel prize and made him one of the founding fathers of quantum physics. In this paper he introduces the notion of “photons” the quantum light particle associated with the granular or discrete appearance of light. This is the first scientific identification of the incoherent source of light in this universe. In the spring workshop of 1905 he gave Conrod Habicht a foretaste of this identification. "[I will send you] four papers. [The first] deals with radiation and the energetic properties of light and is very revolutionary... the second paper determines the true size of atoms by way of diffusion and the viscosity of diluted solutions of neutral substances. The third proves that, assuming the molecular theory of heat, bodies on the order of magnitude of 1/1000 mm, when suspended in liquids, must already have an observable random motion that is produced by thermal motion.... The fourth paper is only a rough draft now, and is about the electrodynamics of moving bodies that employs a modified theory of space and time. (QE p.229)
Mead again helped me to harness Einsteins quantum contribution on the identity of this incoherent source and how to liberate ourselves from this influence through "the character of reversibility" identified as the inwardly propagated coherent light waves unveiled via the future to past temporal direction (see Times Arrow and Archimedes Point by Huw Price, Chapter 3: New Light on the Arrow of Radiation). "Ironically, the quantum nature of radiation was an invention of Einstein. In his 1905 paper (p.86 in Ref. 55), he introduces this possibility:
According to the assumption to be contemplated here, when a light ray is spreading from a point, the energy is not distributed continuously over ever-increasing spaces, but consists of a finite number of energy quanta that are localized in points in space, move without dividing, and can be absorbed or emitted only as a whole.
His view point reflected the then-universal belief, that the radiation itself contains the degree of freedom in which the energy resides… Referring to his earlier (1905) paper, he comments:
By a route described in that study, I was led to the view that light… can only be absorbed or emitted in quanta of energy
This statement contains no reference to where the energy is located. In 1909, Einstein gave an overview talk (p. 379 in Ref. 55) that clarified his views even further:
According to the prevailing theory, an oscillating ion produces outwardly propagated spherical waves. The opposite process does not exist as an elementary process. It is true that the inwardly propagated spherical waves are mathematically possible; however, its approximate realization requires an enormous amount of emitting elementary structures. Thus, the elementary process of light radiation as such does not possess the character of reversibility. Here, I believe, our wave theory is of the mark.
In other words, the elementary radiation process seems to proceed such that it does not, as the wave theory requires, distribute and scatter the energy of the primary electron in a spherical wave propagating in all directions. Rather, it seems that at least a large part of this energy is available at some location… the elementary process of radiation seems to be directed.
From these statements, and from his 1905 paper, it might seem that Einstein would continue to pursue the idea of light quanta as little bullets carrying energy. Instead, he reached a tentative conclusion very much in keeping with the views put forward in this monograph:
Would it not be possible to replace the hypothesis of light quanta by another assumption that would also fit the known phenomenon? If it is necessary to modify the elements of the theory, would it not be possible to retain at least the equations for the propagations of radiation and conceive only the elementary processes of emission and absorption differently than they have been until now?
By 1909, Einstein had already moved past the nave “bullet” view of quanta that overtook physics in the late 1920s. Can there be any wonder that he was so frustrated with the Copenhagen clan? (Collective Electrodynamics p.121-122).
Dr. Milo Wolff substantiates the above analysis with the following conclusion. “Prof. Carver Mead at Cal Tech investigated the e-m consequences of the WSM in Collective Electrodynamics [8]. This book, very popular in Silicon Valley, shows correct ways to solve the electromagnetics of transistor circuits using the wave structure of the electron and a vector potential in place of the erroneous (predicted by Einstein- above) Maxwell Equations. He recognized that the electron is not a point particle but a wave structure.
FIG 2. Formation of the in-wave. The spherical out-waves of an initial electron encounter other electron wave-centers. At each encounter, a signature of the initial electron is transferred to the out-waves of the other electrons. The waves generated become a Huygens combination, the in-wave of the initial electron. This intermingled exchange of waves between all particles makes each particle a hologram of the others – the universe, Wolff
[15]. F. Conclusions
The proposals of Clifford and Schrdinger are correct that an electron is a continuous wave structure of equal inward and outward waves, not a material particle, whereas point particles and electromagnetic waves are merely appearances (schaumkommen). Figure 2 shows the in-wave Huygens wave fronts traveling towards their wave-centers, a continual process analogous to the response of the universe. There is no causality violation because the in-waves are real and do not run backwards in time.
The wave medium is the space around us that, although we do not interact directly with it, governs our observations of inertia such as the laser gyro. It has an energy density exceeding 10^40 Mev/cc. The Schrdinger wave functions are not probabilities. They must be interpreted as the matter itself. Many classic paradoxes, including, ‘renormalization’, wave-particle duality, and Copenhagen uncertainty, no longer occur. They were caused by the notion of a material particle that does not exist.” (http://www.spaceandmotion.com/Wolff-Feynman-QED.htm)
Einsteins groundbreaking identification of the incoherent light source of nature in 1905 gave him an incomplete visual sense of the reality of light, so he kept focusing his vision until in 1916 his perception penetrated into the coherent side of the light. But even while he was already on the coherent side of the light he still felt that his visual perception was incomplete due to the statistical formulation of the theory that impeded the complete vision of reality. This awareness led him for the last 30 years of his life, to the unceasing search for a unified field theory, or better yet to a complete vision of reality.
Three centuries after Newton, says Dipankar Home, ‘we have to admit that we still cannot answer the question” what is light?”’ and he gleefully points to a remark made by Einstein in 1951, in a letter to his old friend Michelangelo Besso: ‘All these fifty years of conscious brooding have brought me no nearer to the answer of the question”what are light quanta?” Nowadays every Tom, Dick and Harry thinks he knows it, but he is mistaken.’ (Schrdinger’s Kittens and the Search for Reality, Solving the Quantum Mysteries, by John Gribben p.120).
“I admire to the highest degree the achievements of the younger generation of physicists, which goes by the term quantum mechanics, and believe in the deep level of truth of that theory; but I believe that its limitation to statistical laws will be a temporary one.” (Quotable p.246). “Had he stuck to his hunch that the fundamental laws are continuous, he would have fared better; but to do that, he would have needed a model quantum system in which statistics plays a vanishingly small role. At the time, no such system was known. Today, we have many such systems… (Mead C.E. p.6)
Mead continuous with the energetic statement that “Einstein was firmly of the belief that statistics have no place in the fundamental laws of physics, while Bohr believed that only statistical information is meaningful in quantum theory. Unfortunately, much of the debate centered around the uncertainty relation, which, from our present point of view, is not about statistics at all, but results from the wave nature of matter. At that time, there were no compelling experiments where the wave nature of matter was manifest in a non-statistical manner. During the entire period, there was spirited debate in and around the apparently discontinuous nature of quantum transitions, a retrospective of which is Schrodinger’s paper, Are there quantum jumps? (see CE reference 74). Under the pressure of Bohr’s constant verbal abuse, Schrdinger finally gave up his quest for a theory that would be continuous in both space and time. It was much later that this quest was put on a firm foundation, notably by Barut, Zeh, and their collaborators. (CE p.103-104). (See CE reference 73,75,76).
To be sure, it has been pointed out that the introduction of a space-time continuum may be considered as contrary to nature in view of the molecular structure of everything which happens on a small scale. It is maintained that perhaps the success of the Heisenberg method points to a purely algebraical method of description of nature, that is to the elimination of continuous functions from physics. Then, however, we must also give up, by principle, the space-time continuum. (Out of my later years, p.92 A. Einstein)
Einstein and Schrdinger believed in a continuous space-time, that the statistical nature of the experimental results was a result of our lack of knowledge of the state of the system, and that the underlying physical laws can be formulated in a continuous manner. Schrodinger put it this way:
“I no longer regard this [statistical] interpretation as a finally satisfactory one, even if it proves useful in practice. To me it seems to mean a renunciation, much too fundamental in principle, of all attempts to understand the individual process.”
In the Schrdinger centenary volume (ref. 23), Jon Dorling makes a convincing case for reviving the continuous space-time view of Einstein and Schrdinger, arguing that physics would be in less trouble with their approach than it is now.” (C E. p.2-4).
FIGURE 1. By focusing a 100-fs laser pulse at 625 nm into 1 mm of carbon tetrachloride, nonlinear interactions between the material and the ultrafast pulse cause supercontinuum generation-the formation of intense, ultrafast broadband “white-light” pulses spanning the ultraviolet to the near-infrared. Intense ultrafast broadband “white-light” pulses spanning the ultraviolet to the near-infrared are called a supercontinuum. First demonstrated 35 years ago, the phenomenon arises from the nonlinear interaction and propagation of ultrafast pulses focused into a transparent material.1, 2 A supercontinuum can be generated in various states of matter-condensed media (liquids and solids) and gases. The conversion of one color to white light is a dramatic and elegant effect (see above). The supercontinuum pulses are intense, collimated, and coherent, and can be used in many diverse applications.
[55] In his classic book, ‘LASERS’ of 1985, Anthony Siegman, confirms Einstein, Schrodinger and Mead’s new approach to that vision of the coherent, directed and continuous laser light. Siegman identifies the discrete photon picture of the quantum phenomenon as a misnomer, because it misses the complete view. “In a fully correct quantum description, most atoms are not likely to be exactly “in” one quantum level or another at any given instant of time. Rather, the instantaneous quantum state of any one individual atom is usually a time-varying mixture of quantum states, for example, the upper and lower states of a laser transition. The populations N1 and N2 represent averages over all the atoms of the fractional amount that each atom is in the lower or the upper quantum state in its individual state mixture. Applying an external signal therefore does not cause an individual atom to make a sudden discrete “jump” from one level to the other. Rather, it really causes the quantum state mixture of each atom to begin to evolve in a continuous fashion. (Emphasis is mine). Quantum theory says that an atom initially more in the lower level tends to evolve under the influence of an applied signal toward the upper level, and vice versa. This changes the state mixture or level occupancy for each atom, and hence the averaged values N1 and N2 over all the atoms. Individual atoms do not make sudden jumps; rather, the quantum states of all the atoms change somewhat, but each by a very small amount. We should emphasize, finally, that laser materials nearly always contain a very large number of atoms per unit volume. Densities of atoms in laser materials typically range from ~ 1012 to ~ 1019 atoms/cm3. This density is sufficiently high that laser amplification is an essentially smooth and continuous process, with very little “graininess” or “shot noise” associated with the discrete nature of the atoms involve.”
Mead continuous to vindicate Einsteins position. "We can thus answer Schrdinger’s rhetorical question, “Are there quantum jumps?” Indeed, there are quantum jumps, but they are not discontinuities. They may look discontinuous because of the non-linear, self-reinforcing nature of a quantum transition; but at the fundamental level, everything can be followed in a smooth and continuous way, and we can view nature as being continuous in both space and time. This picture of nature is what Einstein wanted most. But to arrive at this picture, we had to give up the one-way direction of time. And allow coupling to everything on the light cone… (See Einstein’s illustration in the Meaning of Relativity and Cramer’s illustration of the Light cone below)... This, too, was okay with Einstein. So why was he so hung up on local causality? Why do all the textbooks state that the coupling of states unified by a light cone is a violation of relativity? In science, as in all aspects of human endeavor, each age has its blind spots, and what is impossible to comprehend in one generation seems natural and obvious to another. So, after only one generation, Zeh could say, "There are no quantum jumps, nor are there are particles," The coherent world has continuous wave functions, and abrupt-but-continuous quantum transitions. (C.E. p.112-113)
According to Mead, physics is divided into two disciplines; on one side we have the study of incoherent systems composed by classical mechanics, electricity, and magnetism and on the other we have the study of coherent systems with relativity and quantum theory. Bohr’s correspondence Principle was supposed to connect both domains, but in Meads view what Bohr introduced was a terrible confusion into modern Physics, characterizing the last 70 years since its introduction as “the dark ages of theoretical physics.” Therefore, by not following Einstein’s directed wisdom of the universe, the theoretical quantum community was led astray. Moreover, according to John Cramer “the visualization of quantum phenomena has been denied us for half a century, not by the abstract Quantum Mechanical formalism but by the Copenhagen interpretation. The transactional interpretation of the same formalism now makes this long-sought visualization possible.
“So, how do we get a foothold to start our new approach? It helps to identify some of the confusions that exist in the standard quantum picture (proposed by the Copenhagen School led by Niels Bohr). The first confusion, the Correspondence Principle, states that the behavior of a quantum system must approach that of a classical mechanical system in the limit of large quantum numbers.
The view that makes mechanics the basis of the remaining branches of physics, and explains all physical phenomena by mechanical ideas, is in our judgment a prejudice. The mechanical theory of nature is, undoubtedly, in a historical view, both intelligible and pardonable; and it may also, for times have been of much value. But, upon the whole, it is an artificial conception. (Ernst Mach).
There are many changes in concepts that are important when we go from classical to quantum mechanics… Instead of forces, we deal with the way interactions change the wavelengths of waves. (Feynman). Classical mechanics is an inappropriate starting point for physics because it is not fundamental; rather it is the limit of an incoherent aggregation of an enormous number of quantum elements.” (C.E.p.6) More specifically in his great book, Dr. Mead uses the superconductor as an example of "a quantum system on a grand scale, and, all by itself, provides us strikingly direct access to a near- perfect coherent state. It manifest all the quantum phenomena associated with the wave nature of matter, without the confusion about statistics..." (C.E.p.7). We notice that there is no need to introduce the notion of probability at any point in the discussion. The issue of probability comes up when we consider disordered systems where the phases of individual interactions are unknown. Statistical quantum texts are preoccupied with the question of which quantities are "measurable" and which are not--that question does not appear in the present discussion… (C.E.p.105)
Following the tradition of Einstein and Schrodinger, the pioneers in this new endeavor, Jaynes, Cramer, Barut, Zeh, and others, have given us a great foundation: They have shown that traditional criticisms of this new approach are groundless. They have put us in a position to finally settle the Einstein-Bohr debate—with a resounding victory for Einstein. (CE. p.124)
In general Dr. Mead proposes collective electrodynamics (the macroscopic wave-function of a coherent quantum system like the laser, a superconductor or the Bose-Einstein Condensate) as the correct starting point for the new physics, because it simplifies and unifies the knowledge base. His goal is to re-create quantum science with clarity and understanding by establishing it on the purity of a coherent foundation. In this sense, for the quantum practitioner or experimental physicists “the coherent state is taken as the starting point, and the statistics are put where Einstein would have placed them—in the random thermal excitations out of the perfectly coherent state. The success of this method can be viewed as a vindication of Einstein’s conjecture… The coherent world has continuous wave functions, and abrupt-but-continuous quantum transitions.” (Collective Electrodynamics p.113).
Coherence according to Webster’s dictionary comes from the Latin cohaerere which means co-together haerere- to stick, that is to stick together. The act or condition of cohering; cohesion, the quality of being logically integrated or connected, consistent, and intelligible in speech and thought; congruity. Einstein loved symmetry and so his coherent legacy of the light reversed our awareness of the incoherent and asymmetrical legacy in this universe. In a quote from Feynman’s Lectures on Physics, Mead, wrote, “Einstein was a giant, his head was in the clouds, but his feet were on the ground” (Collective Electrodynamics p.xix). By physically connecting our brains to Laser Technology, Science, Art and Philosophy, we are stimulating it with the creative light of Lasers so that we can truly understand where we come from, who we are and where we are going.
Yehuda Elkana in the book: Albert Einstein Historical and Cultural Perspective stated that “an astonishing coherence characterizes Einstein’s psychology (that is, his attitude to people), his theory of mind, and his theory of the world… In all three areas, two dimensions coexist: the dimension of immediate sensations and the dimension of theoretical generalization. No logical bridge links the two. The certainty about the correctness of the theoretical dimension is assumed, since simplicity of the conceptual foundations has been secured. Then the fit with the experimental evidenced is sought… here the immediate level of experience is discontinuous and complex. With the help of simplifying order, we connect the fragments and create a continuum. The ordering and creation of a continuum is thinking… In all three processes we can observe the dialectical interplay between thema and antithema: simplicity versus complexity, and continuum versus atomicity. That which we can be aware of is fragmental, partial, and irreducible to more basic elements. That is, our world of awareness is atomistic and complex. The theoretical generalizations, on the other hand, are overarching, symmetrical, and expressible in very simple conceptual structures. The theoretical level is simple, intelligible and continuous. These generalized theories tolerate no asymmetries among natural phenomenon that should be symmetrical; no typically atomistic explanations such as action- at- a- distance are admitted; no statistical explanations are accepted as ultimate descriptions of reality.
1.4: Einstein’s Quantum Challenge
For me, a hypothesis is a statement whose truth is temporarily assumed, but whose meaning must be beyond all doubt. (Quotable Einstein p.235)… A theory is the more impressive the greater the simplicity of its premises, the more different kinds of things it relates, and the more extended its area of applicability. (QE p.262).
Einstein posed another quantum challenge to the Copenhagen clan of quantum physicist lead by Niels Bohr. The foundational paper that illustrated the problem of the polarization of laserlight was entitled "Can quantum mechanical description of reality be considered complete? By Albert Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen. Phys. Rev. 47, 777-780 (1935). This precious paper turned out to be the true foundation for the teleportation of mankind in the 21st Century. For the Editors of the Scientific American monthly magazine (March, 2003) and for the mathematician and science writer Amir D. Aczel, the technology of Teleportation (transportation via the coherent light of lasers) that resulted from the EPR document and its prophetic exhibition in the TV series Star Trek, is already a reality, at least for photons in the laboratories. In his book entitled; Entanglement: The Greatest Mystery in Physics (Published in 2002) Dr. Aczel illustrates with breathtaking historical knowledge how this mystery was unveiled. But there was one fundamental issue neither Dr. Aczel nor the Scientific American Magazine conveys in the report and it is namely the fundamental reason why Einstein and his collaborators wrote the paper in the first place. Which was to show that the statistical experiment or viewpoint does not give a complete picture of physical reality?
It was again Carver Mead in his seminal book who gave me the best clarification of Einsteins fundamental perception of quantum physics in general and the EPR paradox in particular. "It is curious that Einstein, for whom Minkowskis four-dimensional space-time played such a central role, and who was generally convinced that time should play a symmetric role in the fundamental equations of physical law, took a strong position for local causality in three-space. The Copenhagen clan had come up with a mathematical formalism that could yield statistical results in accord with experiment--that was agreed by all. Were there more-fundamental physical laws beneath the statistical rules? Einstein thought there were, but Bohr said no, there was no deeper level to be understood. Einstein was still fuming about the whole thing in 1935, when he coauthored a paper with Podolsky and Rosen that took up the crusade once again. The idea went as follows: Suppose an atom emits two photons simultaneously, as part of the same fundamental transition. The two photons travel in opposite directions, and have opposite polarizations. Once the photons have traveled far away, we measure the polarization of one, and thereby know the polarization of the other. So far, so good. But there are several ways to measure polarization. If we determine that one photon is right-hand circularly polarized, we know the other is left-hand. We can also ask if the first photon is linearly polarized along the y axis, in which case we know that the other is linearly polarized along the x axis. Now suppose we wait until after the photons have been emitted, and then quickly change the apparatus with which we measure the polarization of one of them. Einstein was convinced that there is no way that the other photon can "know" that the first measurement had changed. When the experiment was carried out (as suggested by John Bell), it was indeed found to be true that the state of one photon depends on how the other is measured, a result that was immediately touted as a triumph for the Copenhagen view. From our present perspective, however, this result has nothing to do with which interpretation of quantum mechanics we use. Cramer’s transactional interpretation gives an even clearer picture of what is going on: The two photons are part of the same transaction, local in space-time. In three-space, we describe them by solutions propagating both forward and backward in time, as so elegantly put forth by Wheeler and Feynman. By now there are an enormous number of experiments for which forward and backward propagating solutions are by far the most economical explanation. These experiments effectively preclude the interpretation of photons as little bullets moving at the velocity of light and carrying energy as they go. But Einstein did not live to see these experiments completed, and his feelings about them were all tangled up with the statistical interpretation. So, although he strongly believed that time can run in both directions in fundamental physical law, he still held out for local causality in three-space. Causality is, however, not an idea that has roots in the fundamental laws of physics, but rather in thermodynamics. (C. E p.78-79).
"There is no doubt that quantum mechanics has seized hold of a beautiful element of truth, and that it will be a test stone for any future theoretical basis, in that it must be deducible as a limiting case from that basis, just as electrostatics is deducible from the Maxwell equations of the electromagnetic field or as thermodynamics is deducible from classical mechanics. However, I do not believe that quantum mechanics will be the starting point in the search for this basis, just as, vice versa, one could not go from thermodynamics (responsible for statistical mechanics) to the foundation of mechanics. (Albert Einstein: Out Of My Later Years p. 92-93).
The Transactional Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
by John G. Cramer
Minkowski diagram showing the propagation of advanced and retarded waves from an emission locus at (x,t)=(0,0). The basic element of the transactional interpretation is an emitter-absorber transaction through the exchange of advanced and retarded waves, as first described by Wheeler and Feynman (1945, 1949) [see also (Feynman, 1967b)]. Advanced waves are solutions of the electromagnetic wave equation and other similar wave equations which contain only the second time derivative. Advanced waves have characteristic eigenvalues of negative energy and frequency, and they propagate in the negative time direction. There is a second application of the Wheeler-Feynman approach which was introduced by the author in a previous publication (Cramer, 1980). The WF description of radiative processes can be applied to the microscopic exchange of a single quantum of energy, momentum, etc., between a present emitter and a single future absorber through the medium of a transaction, a Wheeler-Feynman exchange of advanced and retarded waves.
This figure illustrates a simplified form (one space dimension and one time dimension) of the transaction process. A plane-wave transaction between emitter and absorber through the exchange of advanced and retarded waves (see text). Waves from emitter are indicated by red lines and waves from absorber by blue lines. Retarded waves are shown as solid, and advanced waves are shown as dashed. Relative phase of waves is indicated schematically by sinusoids inscribed on light like world lines. Double time like world lines for emitter and absorber indicate higher energy state. Wave amplitudes have the value *=2Re( ) at emitter and absorber loci and are therefore real.
There are two problems with the one dimensional plane wave description employed above: (1) it does not explicitly deal with the attenuation and modification of wave amplitude due to propagation through space or to passage through attenuating media; and (2) it does not explicitly include the quantum conditions on the transfer of energy, angular momentum, charge, etc., which are an important aspect of all quantum mechanical processes. In the case of quantum electrodynamics the photon energy quantization condition E= places an extra constraint on the electromagnetic wave equation, requiring that an integer number of quanta be exchanged between emitter and absorber despite the action of intervening space, filters, mirrors, slits, wave plates, etc., in reducing or modifying the amplitudes of the advanced and retarded waves exchanged between emitter and absorber.
For this reason, the two-step pseudo-time sequence {footnote 14} of Fig. 3 and the associated plane wave description must be replaced by a multi-step sequence allowing for spherical and more complicated wave forms and which proceeds until all relevant quantum conditions are met. In particular, we must view the transaction as occurring in pseudo-sequential form which includes an "offer", a "confirmation" and a completed transaction.
This figure illustrates this more general form of transaction. In the first pseudo-sequential step (1) the emitter located at (R1,T1), sends out a waves F1(r,t T1) and G1(r,t T ) (which can be of spherical or more complicated form) in all possible spatial directions. In step (2) the absorber located at (R2,T2), receives the attenuated retarded wave front F1(R2,T2) and is stimulated to produce a response wave G2(r,t) which has an initial amplitude proportional to the local amplitude of the incident wave which stimulated.
It should be emphasized that the TI is an interpretation of the existing formalism of quantum mechanics rather than a new theory or revision of the quantum mechanical formalism. As such, it makes no predictions which differ from those of conventional quantum mechanics. It is not testable except on the basis of its value in dealing with interpretational problems. The author has found it to be more useful as a guide for deciding which quantum mechanical calculations to perform than to the performance of such calculations. As will be demonstrated in Chapter 4, the main utility of the TI is as a conceptual model which provides the user with a way of clearly visualizing complicated quantum processes and of quickly analyzing seemingly "paradoxical" situations (e.g., Wheelers delayed choice experiments, Herberts paradox, the Hanbury-Brown-Twiss effect, and the Albert-Aharonov-DAmato prediction) which would otherwise require elaborate mathematical analysis. It is a way of thinking rather than a way of calculating. It may have value as a pedagogical tool for the teaching of quantum mechanics to students. It also seems to have considerable value in the development of intuitions and insights into quantum phenomena that up to now have remained mysterious.
It is important to realize that the transactional model is atemporal, that is to say, that it is operating from what philosopher Huw Price designates as "the Archimedean standpoint or the view from nowhen," above time and space. It was Prof. Price who illuminated my awareness of time with his great book: Times Arrow and Archimedes Point; New directions for the physics of time.
This book is concerned with a particular kind of question about time. What is the difference between the past and the future? Could---and does---the future affect the past? What gives time its direction, or "arrow"? Could time be symmetric, or a universe be symmetric in time? What would such a world be like? Is our world like that? The book is concerned with what modern physics has to say about issues of this kind, but I am not writing as a physicist, explaining the insights of my discipline to a general audience. I am a philosopher, and the vantage point of the book is philosophical. One of my main aims is to sort out some philosophical confusion in the answers that contemporary physicists typically give to these questions. I want to provide physicists themselves, as well as philosophers and general readers, with a clearer picture of these issues than has yet been available.
What are these philosophical confusions? The most basic mistake, I shall be arguing, is that people who think about these problems---philosophers as well as physicists---often fail to pay adequate attention to the temporal character of the viewpoint which we humans have on the world. We are creatures in time, and this has a very great effect on how we think about time and the temporal aspects of reality. But here, as elsewhere, it is very difficult to distinguish what is genuinely an aspect of reality from what is a kind of appearance, or artifact, of the particular perspective from which we regard reality. I want to show that a distinction of this kind is crucial to the project of understanding the asymmetry of time. In philosophy and in physics, theorists make mistakes which can be traced to a failure to draw the distinction sufficiently clearly.
The need to guard against anthropocentrism of this kind is a familiar theme in the history of both science and philosophy. One of the great projects in the history of modern thought has been the attempt to achieve the untainted perspective, the Archimedean view of reality---"the view from nowhere," as the philosopher Thomas Nagel calls it.[2] The main theme of this book is that neither physics nor philosophy has yet paid enough attention to the temporal aspect of this ancient quest. In particular, I want to show that if we want to understand the asymmetry of time then we need to be able to understand, and quarantine, the various ways in which our patterns of thought reflect the peculiarities of our own temporal perspective. We need to acquaint ourselves with what might aptly be called the view from nowhen...
Chapter 3 looks at the time asymmetry of a wide range of physical phenomena involving radiation. Why do ripples on a water surface spread outwards rather than inwards, for example? Similar things happen with other kinds of radiation, such as light, and physicists have been puzzled by the temporal asymmetry of these phenomena since the early years of the twentieth century. In discussing this issue, it turns out to be important to correct some confusion about what this asymmetry actually involves. However, the chapters main focus will be the issue of the relation between this asymmetry and that of thermodynamics. I want to show that several prominent attempts to reduce the former asymmetry to the latter turn out to be fallacious, once the nature of the thermodynamic asymmetry is properly appreciated. In particular, I want to look at a famous proposal by the American physicists John Wheeler and Richard Feynman, called the Absorber Theory of Radiation. At first sight, this theory seems to involve the very model of respect for an atemporal perspective. I shall show that Wheeler and Feynmans reasoning is confused, however, and that as it stands, their theory doesnt succeed in explaining the asymmetry of radiation in terms of that of thermodynamics. However, the mathematical core of the theory can be reinterpreted so that it does show---as Wheeler and Feynman believed, but in a different way---that radiation is not intrinsically asymmetric; and that its apparent asymmetry may be traced, if not to the thermodynamic asymmetry itself, then to essentially the same source. (In effect, then, I want to show that Wheeler and Feynman produced the right theory, but tried to use it in the wrong way...
The last two chapters apply these lessons to the puzzles of quantum mechanics. Chapter 8 provides an informal overview of the long debate about how quantum mechanics should be interpreted, identifying the main positions and their advantages and disadvantages. As Ill explain, the best focus for such an overview is the question that Einstein took to be the crucial one about quantum mechanics: Does it give us a complete description of the systems to which it applies?
Famously, Einstein thought that quantum theory is incomplete, and that there must be some further, more classical reality "in the background." His great disagreement with Niels Bohr centered on this issue. Einstein is often said to have lost the argument, at least in hindsight. (The work of John Bell in the 1960s is often thought to have put the final nail in Bohrs case, so to speak.) I think this verdict is mistaken. Despite Bells work, Einsteins view is very much less implausible than it is widely taken to be, at least in comparison to the opposing orthodoxy.
It was in Fred Hoyles book; The Intelligent Universe, chapter 8, The Information-Rich Universe, section on Living from Future to Past-- that I "found the most advanced formulation" of the time symmetric quantum vision given by Wheeler and Feynman. "Quantum mechanics is based on the propagation of radiation only from past to future, and as we have seen leads only to statistical averages, not to predictions of the nature of individual quantum events. Quantum mechanics is no exception to general experience in physics, which shows that the propagation of radiation in the past-to-future time-sense leads inevitably to degeneration, to senescence, to the loss of information. It is like leaving a torch switched on. The beam, initially bright, gradually fades away, and eventually it vanishes. But in biology this situation is reversed, because as living organisms develop they increase in complexity, gaining information rather than losing it. It is as if a torch could spontaneously collect light, focus it into a bulb, convert it into electricity and store it... If events could operate not only from past to future, but also from future to past, the seemingly intractable problem of quantum uncertainty could be solved. Instead of living matter becoming more and more disorganized, it could react to quantum signals from the future--the information necessary for the development of life. Instead of the Universe being committed to increasing disorder and decay, the opposite could then be true.
On a cosmic scale the effect of introducing information from the future would be similarly far reaching. Instead of the Universe beginning in the wound-up state of the big bang, degenerating ever since, an initially primitive state of affairs could wind itself up gradually as time proceeds, becoming more, not less sophisticated, from past to future. This would allow the accumulation of information--information without which the evolution of life, and of the Universe itself, makes no logical sense.
The trouble we can now see with most of the fundamental questions about life and the origin of the Universe is that they are asked back-to-front. It is far less difficult to grapple with the issues in a future-to-past sense, because then we approach the ultimate cause instead of receding from it, the ultimate cause being a source of information, an intelligence if you like, placed in the remote future... However far we proceed into the future in looking for the ultimate source of the controlling signals, we are required to go still farther into the future, to eternity!
Many of the religions of the world look at the future in a way similar to the one prompted by this insight into the information-rich Universe. The concept of eternity figures large in many of them, with the notion that there is a controlling force that lies at an unattainable distance. Perhaps here we have a vaguely perceived truth masked by the adornment of ritual and ceremony, obscured by the trappings of our earthly existence?"
I THINK IMPORTANT - I have proposed under the link "Additional Thoughts...." that a recently discovered phenomenon in laser physics - "time reversal and optical phase conjugation" may be involved in light interaction with the retina. In this process light waves are precisely redirected back along the exactly same path after being reflected from the phase conjugate "mirror". The retina as I view it appears to have exactly the properties of a phase conjugate mirror. Any such "redirection" only becomes apparent with the invocation of antenna behavior and the capability for encoding light intensity and phase which is the fundamental premise of this model.
Gerald C. Huth, Ph.D.
Ojai, CA
11/29/02 (Revised 8/12/03)
Reference
Julian Barbour, "The End of Time, The Next Revolution in Physics", Oxford University Press, 1999
See Dr.Noltespaper on Time-ReversedLight@ http://www.physics.purdue.edu/~nolte/Magneto.pdf.
On 11/03/2002 a profound convergence of thoughts came to me regarding the proportional equivalence hypothesis between Laser Light. Einstein, Carver Mead, John Cramer, Fred Hoyle, the time reversal paper by Feynman and Wheeler and Dr. Y. P. Varshni Laser Enlightened vision of Quasars as the Laser Stars that are the cosmic sources of light incarnating on our LaserEyes via the Retinal Laser Display infrastructure of the internet as the New Lambdasphere.
Part 2: Microvision’s Retinal Laser Display and the Development of a Coherent Global Brain
2.1: Laser Conversion of the Visual Cortex into a computer Screen
It was Einsteins metaphysical, physical and mathematical influence on our understanding of light that cleared the way for a real biosynthesis between our biological internet (the 60 trillion cells of the human body) and the Coherent Light of Science that is populating the biosphere as the New Lambdasphere (the all-optical internet). As I was tracing Einsteins LaserEnlightened Vision and the coherent quantum tradition that it has generated, the notion of LaserEyes emerged. It was more precisely from the homological (structurally identical) recognition that the human retina has all the characteristics of the laser transduction process (conversion of incoherent light into coherent light), that the realization came to me. My reading of "Laser Odyssey" by Dr. Theodore Maiman" illuminated the idea that coherency (the ordered vision of reality) that a healthy brains gives us, actually starts in the Retina with the inversion of the image. This homology came into view when Theodore talked about the "revered condition of population inversion" as a necessary condition for the laser process.
Population Inversion
The achievement of a significant population inversion in atomic or molecular energy states is a precondition for laser action. Electrons will normally reside in the lowest available energy state. They can be elevated to excited states by absorption, but no significant collection of electrons can be accumulated by absorption alone since both spontaneous emission and stimulated emission will bring them back down.
A population inversion cannot be achieved with just two levels because the probabability for absorption and for spontaneous emission is exactly the same, as shown by Einstein and expressed in the Einstein A and B coefficients. The lifetime of a typical excited state is about 10-8 seconds, so in practical terms, the electrons drop back down by photon emission about as fast as you can pump them up to the upper level. The case of the helium-neon laser illustrates one of the ways of achieving the necessary population inversion.
HyperPhysics***** Quantum Physics ***** Optics
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Siegman in his classic book on Lasers gives us more insight into this essential condition of population inversion; “Lasers are devices that generate or amplify coherent radiation at frequencies in the infrared, visible, or ultraviolet regions of the electromagnetic spectrum…
If we want, we can think of the basic stimulated transition process as the sum of two separate processes: in one, atoms initially in the lower energy level are stimulated by the applied signal to make transitions upward; in the other, atoms initially in the upper energy level are stimulated by the applied signal to make transitions downward. It is vital to understand, however, that the stimulated –transition probability produced by an applied signal (probability of transition per atom and per second) is always exactly the same in both directions. The net flow of atoms is thus always from whichever level has the larger population at the moment, to whichever level has the smaller population… If the lower level is more heavily populated, the signal is attenuated (absorbed). If the upper level is more heavily populated, the signal is amplified (emitted)… For laser action to occur, the pumping process must produce not merely excited atoms, but a condition of population inversion, in which more atoms are excited into a higher quantum energy level than are in some lower energy level in the laser medium." (Laser by Anthony Siegman).
Maiman’s idea of population inversion in the laser medium was followed by the statement that the “magnitude" (the amount of net stimulated emission radiation must exceed the amount of spontaneous emission) should be large enough to overcome the inevitable losses in any practical associated structure (called a resonator).” This idea immediately directed my thoughts to the eyes themselves. Since our eyes are shaped like a convex lens that act as a magnifying glass. What happens when you put an incoherent (diffused) source of light like the sun under a magnifying glass? You get the necessary focused energy to burn a hole through paper. This focused magnification of the incoherent source in our eyes acts as a high-powered lamp to stimulate the photons in the eyes to the higher ground where they can accomplish the population inversion in the retina. Coherency is clearly the fundamental reason for the inversion of the image in the eyes.
According to Maiman the red axial photons around and paralleled to the Ruby crystal axis are the ones responsible for the coherent beam. Those red axial Photons are structurally identical (homological) to the photons traveling in or paralleled to the crystal axis in the convex lens of our eyes via the fovea, where they invert the image. Now with the advent of Microvisions Retinal Laser Display (a coherent projection of laser information unto our eyes, effectively converting our eyes into a computer monitor) we are able to overcome that inevitable lost of information that occurs in the incoherent transduction process. Moreover, if we bear in mind the thermodynamic principle of the Conservation of Energy which states that "the total amount of energy never changes; it can only be transferred from one form to another, not created or destroyed, then we can easily see how the photons that fall by the way side are assimilated by the brain as decoherence (an incoherent deviation from coherence).
By powering the retina with coherent light as is done with the retinal laser display, we are minimizing that inevitable loss of information that occurs in the transduction of incoherency. And simultaneously we are amplifying the coherent signal in the neural network of the visual cortex, thereby fortifying the whole brain.
Therefore, the LaserEnlightened theory postulates that if the light source is coherent, the burden of incoherency will be alleviated from the retina. This new freedom will allow the brain to more easily achieve an optimal state of cognition. We believe that intensification of the retina with coherent laser light is the key to unleashing the full potential of the brain. In a practical sense, if a device such as the Retinal Laser Display can be used to direct information to the retina using laser light; this could have a profound impact on the cognitive function of the brain. Furthermore, since the brain controls most of our physical bodily functions, the results could be far more reaching. (Bruce Caridis White paper for the LaserLightened Book)
Human Visual Pathway
Image courtesy of Howard Hughes Medical Institute
As shown in the above figure the reflected rays of the pencil pass through its lens. The inverted image of the pencil is directly projected onto the retina. The rod and cone cells of the retina are responsible for transmitting signals to the brain through the optical nerve.
The human eye is equipped with a variety of optical components including the cornea, iris, pupil, aqueous and vitreous humors, a variable-focus lens, and the retina (illustrated in Figure 1). Together, these elements work to form images of the objects that fall into the field of view for each eye. When an object is viewed, it is first focused through the cornea and lens, forming an image on the surface of the retina, a multi-layered membrane that contains millions of light-sensitive cells. These photosensory cells detect the image and translate it into a series of electrical signals for transmission to the brain.
[56] The function of the retina is akin to the combination of a digital image sensor (such as a charge-coupled device (CCD)) with an analog-to-digital converter, as featured in modern digital cameras. The image-capturing receptors of the eyes, known as rods and cones, are connected with the fibers of the optic nerve bundle through a series of specialized cells that coordinate the transmission of signals to the brain. The amount of light allowed to enter each eye is controlled by the iris, a circular diaphragm that opens wide at low light levels and closes to protect the pupils (the apertures) and retinas at very high levels of illumination.
In the brain, the nerve fibers of the optic nerves from each eye cross at the optic chiasma where visual information from both retinas traveling in parallel pathways is correlated, in a similar function to the time base correction generator in a digital video tape recorder. From here, the visual information travels through the optic tract to the knee-shaped lateral geniculate nuclei in the thalamus, where the signals are distributed via the optic radiations to the two visual cortices located on the lower rear section of each half of the cerebrum. In the lower layers of the cortex, the information separation by eye is maintained as columnar ocular dominance stripes. As the visual signals are transmitted to the upper layers of the cortex, information from the two eyes is merged and binocular vision is formed.
The fovea centralis is positioned in an area near the center of each retina, and located directly along the optical axis of each eye. Known also as the "yellow spot", the fovea is small (less than 1 square millimeter), but is very specialized. These areas contain exclusively high-density, tightly packed cone cells (greater than 200,000 cones per square millimeter in adult humans). Each fovea centralis is the area of sharpest vision, which produces the maximum resolution of space, contrast, and color. Each eye is populated with approximately seven million cone cells, which are very thin (3 micrometers) and elongated. The density of cone cells decreases outside of the fovea centralis as the ratio of rod cells to cone cells gradually increases. At the periphery of the retina the total number of both types of light receptors decreases substantially, causing a dramatic loss of visual sensitivity at the retinal borders. This is offset by the fact that humans constantly scan objects in the field of view, giving a perceived image that is uniformly sharp.
The spatial arrangement of rod and cone cells and their connection to neurons within the retina is presented in Figure 4. Rod cells, containing only the photopigment rhodopsin, have a peak sensitivity to green light (wavelength of about 550-555 nanometers), although they display a broad range of response throughout the visible spectrum. They are the most populous visual receptor cells, with each eye containing about 130 million cells. The light sensitivity of rod cells is about 1,000 times that of cone cells. However, the images generated by rod stimulation alone are relatively unsharp and confined to shades of gray, similar to those found in a black and white soft-focus photographic image. Rod vision is commonly referred to as scotopic or twilight vision because in low light conditions, shapes and the relative brightness of objects can be distinguished, but not their colors. This adaptation enabled the detection of potential prey and predators via shape and motion in ancestral vertebrates.
Cones consist of three cell types, each "tuned" to a distinct wavelength maximum of response centered at 430, 535, or 590 nanometers. The basis for the individual maxima is the utilization of three different photo pigments, each with its characteristic visible light absorption spectrum. The photo pigments change their conformation when a photon is detected and their ability to react with transducin is activated, initiating a cascade of visual events. The population of cone cells is much smaller than rod cells, with each eye containing about 7 million cone cells. True color vision is induced by the stimulation of cone cells. The relative intensity of stimulation for each of the three cone receptor types determines the color that is imaged (as a mosaic), in a manner comparable to an additive RGB video monitor or CCD color camera.
Retina
A multi-layered sheet of nerve cells at the back of each eye which converts light into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain through the optic nerves and tracts. Below is a picture of the anatomy of the retina showing layers, vessels and nerves.
Photoreceptor
One of the 125 million nerve cells in the retina of each eye that emit electrical signals when activated by light of a particular wavelength. There are two types of photoreceptor cells in vertebrates: rods, used in low light, and cones, which respond in brighter light and to color.
The eye contains cone cell photoreceptors (see Figure 1) embedded in the small central fovea of the retina that are tuned to respond to wavelengths distributed within these three regions with specialized pigment proteins. All the colors of the visible light spectrum, ranging from violet to red, can be produced by adding or subtracting various combinations of the three primary colors. Light is perceived as white by humans when all three cone cell types are simultaneously stimulated by equal amounts of red, green, and blue light. Because the addition of these three colors yields white light, the colors red, green, and blue are termed the primary additive colors
A photograph of a living retina. The large pale circle is the optic disc where arteries and veins enter the retina. The darker red area is the macula, used for seeing color and detail.
Our eyes are tools of the brain, designed to gather, guide and filter light for ultimate conversion into the brains own language.
All components of the eye are designed to support and focus light on the retina with its millions of photoreceptors and nerve fibers lining the back wall of the eye.
Everything in the eye develops from three basic layers of tissue: the sclera (an inflexible white tunic that encases the eyeball; the choroid, the eyes blood supply; and the retina. Shown above (top) are a diagrammatic sketch of the eye, with its various parts; and (adjacent) a colored photograph of the retina.
The human visual system is logarithmic and not linear. For example, a beam of light that contains mostly short-wavelength blue radiation stimulates the cone cells that respond to 430-nanometer light far more than the other two cone types, activating the blue color pigment, and that light is perceived as blue. Light with a majority of wavelengths centered around 550 nanometers is seen as green, and a beam containing mostly 600 nanometer wavelengths or longer is seen as red. Pure cone vision is referred to as photopic vision and is dominant at normal light levels, both indoors and out. Most mammals are dichromats, usually only able to distinguish between bluish and greenish color components. In contrast, some primates, most notably humans, exhibit trichromatic color vision, splitting the red, green and blue light stimuli.
Illustrated in Figure 5 are the absorption spectra of the four human visual pigments, which display maxima in the expected red, green, and blue regions of the visual spectrum. When all three types of cone cell are stimulated equally, the light is perceived as being achromatic or white. As an example, noon sunlight appears as white light to humans, because it contains approximately equal amounts of red, green, and blue light. An excellent demonstration of the color spectrum from sunlight is the interception of the light by a glass prism, which refracts (or bends) different wavelengths to varying degrees, spreading out the light into its component colors. Human color perception is dependent upon the interaction of all receptor cells with light, and this combination results in nearly trichromic stimulation. There are shifts in color sensitivity with variations in light levels, so that blue colors look relatively brighter in dim light and red colors look brighter in bright light. This effect can be observed by pointing a flashlight onto a color print, which will result in the reds suddenly appearing much brighter and more saturated.
The LaserEnlightened Book’s mission is therefore to bring the coherent quantum infrastructure of Einsteins Law directly into our foreheads through our LaserEyes which is thereby intensified by Microvisions Retinal Laser Display (it’s Augmented Reality Eyewear. The Virtual Retinal Display (VRD) as it is called by its original inventor Dr. Furness, was developed under a four-year research and development contract between the University of Washington and a Seattle corporation, Microvision. For illustrations go to http://www.mvis.com/, and to the University of Washinton where the original research started, at http://www.hitl.washington.edu/projects/vrd/anim/Mov.htm where you can see the Human Interface lab VRD Animation. Also at http://www.hitlabnz.org/route.php?r=page-view&page_name=projects_mb we can see the forth-coming paradigm of the Holy Book.
How the VRD works? VRD Is a new display technology that scans modulated low energy laser light directly onto the viewer’s retina to create a perception of a virtual image.
The virtual retinal display scans a low-power beam of light that "paints" an image directly onto a users retina rather than a screen. Three laser sources (red, green and blue) are combined to provide a full color scale. To create an image with the VRD a photon source (or three sources in the case of a color display) is used to generate a coherent beam of light. The use of a coherent source (such as a laser diode) allows the system to draw a diffraction-limited spot on the retina. The light beam is intensity modulated to match the intensity of the image being rendered. The modulation can be accomplished after the beam is generated or, if the source has enough modulation bandwidth, as is the case with a laser diode, the source can be modulated directly. The resulting modulated beam is then scanned to place each image point, or pixel, at the proper position on the retina. A variety of scan patterns are possible. The scanner could be used in a calligraphic mode, in which the lines that form the image are drawn directly, or in a raster mode, much like standard computer monitors or television. Our development focuses on the raster method of scanning an image and allows the VRD to be driven by standard video sources. To draw the raster, a horizontal scanner moves the beam to draw a row of pixels. The vertical scanner then moves the beam to the next line where another row of pixels is drawn...
After scanning, the optical beam must be properly projected into the eye. The goal is for the exit pupil of the VRD to be coplanar with the entrance pupil of the eye. The lens of the eye will then focus this collimated light beam on the retina to form a spot. The position on the retina where the eye focuses a spot is determined by the angle at which light enters the eye. This angle is determined by the scanners and is constantly varying in a raster pattern. The intensity of the focused spot is determined by the intensity modulation of the light beam. The intensity modulated moving spot focused on the retina forms an image.
The final portion of the system is the drive electronics which must synchronize the scanners with the intensity modulators to form a stable image.
For 3-D viewing an image will be projected into both of the users eyes. Each image will be created from a slightly different view point to create a stereo pair. With the VRD, it is also possible to vary the focus of each pixel in the image such that a true 3-D image is created. Thus, the VRD has the ability to generate an inclusive, high resolution 3-D visual environment in a device the size of conventional eyeglasses. (Human Interface Lab Documentation for the VRD Research). And so by substituting the incoherent source of light with a coherent source as is done with the Retinal Laser Display we are literally intensifying our visual perception with the original light of creation. Einsteins laser conception is now our perception.
In a similar way the source image is projected directly onto the retina instead of the back of the screen. While in the Flat Panel Display pixels are projected from a highly integrated matrix of electronically controlled light valves or light-emitting elements, the VRD technology eliminates any screen outside of the eye and addresses the retina with a single stream of pixels.
Unlike CRT monitors, the VRD has no phosphorus persistence but, depends on the light-gathering properties of the photoreceptors and the temporal integration properties of the visual system. Therefore, the interactions between the VRD delivered light and the psychophysical image quality created by the brain are of extreme importance for future enhancements.
Image courtesy of Microvision
As shown above, the source image is directed into the drive electronics device where the green, blue, and red light are modulated. Then each pixel passes through the horizontal and vertical scanners (one moves from left to right and the other from up to down) and produces a rasterized image onto the retina. The retina has no persistence like phosphorus. Moreover, there is no flickering and the produced image is very bright with very high resolution. The time each pixel is projected onto the retina is very small (30-40ns). Furthermore, these devices consume very little amount of energy. They also provide a wider field of view. A very sophisticated representation of how the beam is projected through the pupil can be found in the HIT Lab of Washington University (VRD animations).
The Virtual Retinal Display served as a tutorial for my LaserEnlightened mission of integrating the infinite bandwidth of the New Lambdasphere (the all-optical laser internet) directly unto our eyes. They made me aware of how the coherent light of nature can be directly inserted into our visual system. A technical illustration of the triumphant optical powers that laser sources are bringing to our eyes can be seen at http://www.mvis.com/.
Making better use of nature’s most powerful information processing system; As far as we know, the human visual system is the universe’s most powerful natural information collection and processing system. Each human retina has about 125 million photoreceptors (rods and cones) and each optic nerve has about a million nerve fibers that channel the flow of data collected by the retina to the visual cortex of the brain. In a normally functioning human visual system, the neural impulses carried by the optic nerves comprise over two-thirds of all the input data processed by the brain, nature’s peerless supercomputer. The telereader will help each sighted user better harness the tremendous capabilities that reside in his or her own visual and cognitive information processing system – capabilities that now lie largely untapped when processing text. 1999, The Mudoc Corporation (rev. 8/09/02)
2.2: Laser Cognition Correction
After browsing through a multiplicity of books for a similar description of our eyes as the above and found nothing a question emerged. Why havent the avant-garde writers and researchers seen the eye itself as a laser device? I believe that the act of naming things correctly plays a very important role in the proper identification of things. So the culprit is perhaps the name of the laser itself, which is a misnomer. This name hides the fact that the laser is really a transducer. It generates a new kind of light and then amplifies it. The same problem is found with the name of photons, which denote the idea of particles making discrete and disconnected jumps from one level to another, when in reality we are dealing with a coherent electron wave function that is integrated,continuous and connected. Anthony Siegman again clarifies for us how the photon picture hides the more complete perspective of the Laser process, but he also omits in his description that crucial idea of transduction.
“Many descriptions of laser action use a photon picture... in which billiard-ball-like photons travel through the laser medium. Each photon, if it strikes a lower-level atom, is absorbed and causes the atom to make a “jump” upward. On the other hand, a photon, when it strikes an upper-level atom, causes that atom to drop down to the lower level, releasing another photon in the process. Although this picture is not exactly incorrect, we will avoid using it to describe laser amplification and oscillation, in order to focus from the beginning on the coherent nature of the stimulated transition process. The problem with the simple photon description... is that it leaves out and even hides the important wave aspect of the laser interaction process... the whole stimulated transition process should be treated, not as a “photon process” but as a coherent wave process… (Lasers p.)
The universality of the coherence principle is clearly established by Prof. Paul Thagard in his seminal book; Coherence in Thought and Action. In this book he attempts “to construct a grand unified theory of human consciousness with its multifarious manifestations” across all fields of human cognition. This book is an essay on how people make sense of each other and the world they live in. Making sense is the activity of fitting something puzzling into a coherent pattern of mental representations that include concepts, beliefs, goals, and actions… Much of human cognition can be understood in terms of coherence as constraint satisfaction, and many of the central problems of philosphy can be given coherenced-based solutions. Thagard shows how coherence can help to unify issues in psychology and philosophy, particularly when one is addressing questions of epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, politics, and aesthetics. He also shows how coherence can integrate cognition and emotion (2000 MIT Press). Thagards coherence proposal is more specifically stated in the following. "In my new book, I propose that there are six main kinds of coherence: explanatory, deductive, conceptual, analogical, perceptual, and deliberative, each with its own array of elements and constraints.(3) Once these elements and constraints are specified, then the algorithms that solve the general coherence problem can be used to compute coherence in ways that apply to philosophical problems. Epistemic coherence is a combination of the first five kinds of coherence, and ethics involves deliberative coherence as well." There is also a seventh type which is physical according to the Laser theory.
But since the central focus of this study is the awakening of visual coherence (our LaserEyes) lets see how Professor Thagard applies the universal principle of coherence to perception. Visual perception begins with two-dimensional image arrays on the retina, but the visual interpretations that constitute sensory experience are much more complex than these arrays. How does the brain construct a coherent understanding of sensory inputs? In visual coherence, the elements are nonverbal representations of input images and full-blown visual interpretations, which fit together in accord with the following principles:
Principle V1: Symmetry. Visual coherence is a symmetric relation between a visual interpretation and a low-level representation of sensory input.
Principle V2: Interpretation. A visual interpretation coheres with a representation of sensory input if they are connected by perceptual principles such as proximity, similarity, and continuity.
Principle V3: Sensory priority. Sensory input representations are acceptable on their own.
Principle V4: Incompatibility. Incompatible visual interpretation is incoherent with each other.
Principle V5: Acceptance. The acceptability of a visual interpretation depends on its coherence with sensory inputs, other visual interpretations, and background knowledge.
Image arrays on the retina are caused by physical processes not subject to cognitive control, so we can take them as given (V3). But considerable processing begins even at the retinal level, and many layers of visual processing occur before a person has a perceptual experience. The sensory inputs may be given, but sensory experience certainly is not. Sensory inputs may fit with multiple possible visual interpretations that are incompatible with each other and are therefore incoherent and the source of negative constraints (V4).
Thus the Gestalt principles (proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, size constancy, texture gradients, motion parallax, and retinal disparity) and other assumptions built into the human visual system establish coherence relations that provide positive constraints linking visual interpretations with sensory input. Negative constraints arise between incompatible visual interpretations, such as the two way of seeing the Necker cube. Our overall visual experience arises from accepting the visual interpretation that satisfies the most positive and negative constraints. Coherence thus produces our visual knowledge, just as it establishes our explanatory and deductive knowledge. (p. 58-60).
The Joy of Visual Perception
Microvisions Retinal Laser Display not only projects the universal principle of coherence into our laser-eyes, it also converts our eyes into a multidimensional visual display. And it also converts the regular characters of the alphabet into radiant laser fonts. The conversion of the alphanumeric characters of the verbal language into laser fonts fulfilled the idea of creating the LaserEnlightened Book. I had conceived this idea on April-16-2001 as a way of reading in the radiant format. I had originally bought the Pangolin Laser Designer program with a laser projector to accomplish this project. But with Microvisions Retinal Laser Display the Radiant words are now projected directly into the retina and thereby into the cognitive faculty of the brain. This in my view is the ultimate transition to that universal visual language of lasers with no words. And by connecting our LaserEyes to the all-optical Internet we are literally creating a coherent global brain.
Today with the projection of the LaserEnlightened Book unto our LaserEyes our brain is placed respectively in stimulated absorption (12) and emission (21) of Einstein’s(1221) radiant thoughts, where we are driven by and coherent with his original vision. The coherent experience of his radiant thoughts empowers us to reproduce and amplified his original vision, given by his laser message. Now we understand Einstein’s source of mental power. When he concentrated his effort in order to know how the laser works via his examination of Bohr’s incoherent radiation (21) and absorption (12) model, not only did he absorbed the coherent light source (12) via his conception of the Laser theory, but he also enabled all of humanity to experience the coherent radiation (21).
And by incorporating the laser directly into the eye, the radiant thoughts will clear the eye so that our whole brain is filled with its coherent light. Coherency is to consciousness what decoherency is to unconsciousness. There is approximately, 2% coherent light and 98% incoherent light in this world. This disproportionate distribution of light is exactly reflected in the percentage of conscious access to our brain’s potential. We have 2% coherent conscious processing of information and 98% decoherence or unconscious sorting of useless information.
It is commonly known that about 80% of all experience that enters our brain occurs through the retina and visual cortex. The rest occurs through our other senses of hearing, touch, smell, and taste. Given the earlier statement concerning incoherent light, the majority of the information we process through the retina and brain is then incoherent in nature. The retina, an extension of the neo-cortex, is essentially a light transducer, or frequency analyzer. Given the incoherent nature of the light sources in the world, this places a huge burden on the brain to interpret the multitude of frequencies and wavelengths of light that we are bombarded with each second, so as to create meaningful images.
Our theory now became very specific and quantifiable as Maiman suggested. Now we can say that consciousness is proportional to coherency by a factor of 2%, while unconsciousness is proportional to decoherence by a factor of 98%. In other words Coherency is to consciousness what decoherency is to unconsciousness.
Achieving optimal performance of the brain has been the subject of much research over the last century. Biofeedback scientists have developed ways of measuring the electrical characteristics of brainwave activity (EEG), while others theorize at the cellular level. Most recently, there has been an increasing interest in what is called a “quantum” or “coherent” state of the brain, possibly responsible for the highest levels of cognitive performance.
The main problem that the coherent quantum brain has to overcome is the phenomena of decoherence in the brain. Incoherent signals weaken signal transmission between neurons. This is the source of mediocre brain performance. Incoherent light is the source of brain decoherence which is defined as the rapid macroscopic destruction of the coherent quantum state. “Decoherence is not a given intrinsic property of nature but the dynamic effect of incoherent light sources or heat produced through friction, a few electrons or a few traveling vibrations (Phonons).”
[57] Decoherence is the incoherent quantum aggregates responsible for preventing the coherent light from living fully in our brains. This is the source that keeps us ignorant of our coherent potential; literally it has the unconscious brain enslaved.
I found the complete solution to decoherence in the intensification of the retina with coherent light (The Microvision approach). Because laser light is the supreme informant, we can transmit to the brain the entire library of congress with wave division multiplexing in seconds. And have the brain control or guide this information with the non-linear optics of the RLD. This powerful communication capability makes the Retinal Laser Display the key technology for unleashing and liberating the full potential of the brain. The coherent signal strengthens the brain and shields the information from being lost. It vitalizes the neuron connections thereby enhancing signal transmission, which is the source for optimal cognitive performance. Since the retina is truly a Neural Network that has massively parallel processing capacity, it is the main avenue to access the brain. The visual intelligence of pattern recognition, association and abstract classification is also improved because the cognitive faculty is able to fully concentrate on the stream of data continuously. And so, by placing the brain in stimulated absorption of the coherent signal it is truly enhanced by the parallel advantage of the laser light image. Einstein once said that the only talent that separated him from the majority of mankind was his ability to concentrate on an idea for a prolonged period of time.
Dr. Win Wenger, in his book “The Einstein Factor”, presents clear evidence that when the brain achieves a “flow state”, there exists a level of coherent brainwave activity. It’s in this “flow” state that people have been known to demonstrate peak mental and physical performance. For example, this is precisely the state of mind to which Dr. Wenger attributes the highest achievements of gifted scientists like Einstein (on whom the book is based) and champion athletes. Furthermore, he believes that achieving this state of consciousness is a proven method for increasing intelligence, comprehension, and accelerated learning ability.
Dr. Wenger is a pioneer in the areas of creativity, accelerated learning, and mind development, with 48 published books to his credit. He refers to the “flow states” as a “coherent” state because of the similarity of brainwave patterns to that of a coherent light source.
“Normal light is incoherent. The light waves are random wavelengths and out of phase. Laser light is coherent. All waves oscillate in phase. Scientists have discovered that brain waves, too, achieve laser-like coherence, especially when we experience sudden creative insights.” (The Einstein Factor by Dr. Wenger).
The challenge, however, is to find out how the brain achieves this optimal state consistently, and what triggers the production of coherent brainwave activity. A number of theories exist to explain this phenomenon. After years of research, the LaserEnlightened group has formulated a theory that suggests a direct connection between the coherent state of the brain and the light entering the brain through the retina and visual cortex. More specifically, we believe that coherent laser light can cause the brain to enter that “flow state” of optimal cognitive performance. This alone, could have a direct impact on improving a person’s comprehension, understanding, memory, retention, assimilation, and other critical brain functions tied to the learning process.
We believe that stimulating our LaserEyes with Microvisions retinal laser display will become the preferred and most efficient way of maximizing the input, comprehension, retention, assimilation, and subsequent use of information. "Institutions of learning around the world will benefit from this technology. Individuals seeking the best possible way to achieve optimal cognitive performance will adopt the technology." (wrote Bruce Caridi a Rensseller Engineer, in a White Paper for the LaserEnlightened Book)
In a 2004 automotive white paper Microvision substantiated the LaserEnlightened idea about learning with the RLD. "Rethinking On-the-Job Training. The Nomad Expert Technician System (The Retinal Retinal Laser Displays new name) has consistently shown the ability to improve the performance of novice technicians to approach the performance of master technicians by providing step-by-step instructions as each task is performed. Perhaps the most significant finding was during a test at an emergency vehicle maintenance facility where not only were novice times dramatically improved with head up, hands free access to instructions as they worked (up to 69% faster), but the actual improved time was within seconds of the improved time for the "expert" mechanics. In effect both were trained on the job, at point of task to achieve equal performance.
The learning curve virtually disappeared with the Nomad Expert Technician Package, but the added advantage of augmented-vision-based training and data access is the ability to effectively update the knowledge base of an entire field force by simply updating the content of a wireless network or Internet server... The answer and benefit for the industry is clear: Augmented vision and a wireless information tool can flatten the learning curve and enable workers to perform their task faster, better and safer."[58]
2.3: The Vector Potential as the foundation for Einstein’s Unified Field Theory.
What is visual perception? Light transduced by the retina into bio-electro-chemical codes and interpreted by the cognitive faculty in the visual cortex is perception. It is the Light that allows us to perceive. Light is the supreme informant of nature. Light is the carrier of information and intelligence. 80% of all the information that we receive from the world comes through Light, and the brain perceives it and processes it. What the brain is processing is the Light itself. What we perceive is the Light, but we don’t notice it, because we are immersed in it, and all we see is objects and symbols about objects. What we see is only what the Light allows us to see, what the light illuminates externally and internally. Now, if the light source that you use to see is incoherent, diffused and disconnected what happens to your perception? Your perception is weakened by that incoherent source. And the brain has to do a certain job in correcting that incoherent source in order to give us a coherent picture of the world. As Mead pointed out, this is “the brains ability to extract meaningful signals from a large amount of useless information.” So the brain has to reverse the incoherent process by focusing and ordering the disconnected light source for a correct interpretation to take place. And in that process of interpreting, what happens? Deception, confusion and miss-interpretation, because different signals developed in different people’s minds. And because a lot of information is lost in the transduction process. Why does a simple message become distorted and interpreted in so many different ways? Because under the influence of the disconnected diffusion of the incoherent light sources, like sunlight, moonlight, and candlelight etc. along with its randomness and disordered waves, the human brain was led to confusion.
On the contrary, what is the nature of my perception when the light source is coherent, connected, harmonic, focused, and pure, as in the laser? The message will be transmitted accordingly. The source of visual perception is the light, whether it is coherent or incoherent. Therefore, the kind of light one chooses will make the crucial difference in ones perception. I have chosen the coherent light source to complete our reading, living and understanding of nature. Because I truly believe that our perception is weakened by the incoherent source of light. We‘ve been suffering under this light unconsciously, now thanks to Einstein’s brilliant idea of the laser we can liberate ourselves. What Einstein uncovered in truth was the original light source of nature, before the thermodynamic corruption sets in. This is the true secrete of the Laser’s power. We want to empower our cognitive ability with his precious light so that we can upgrade our perceptual capacity. Only with the purity of the original light source will we be able to understand and thereby live the truth of our being. Otherwise the authentic being is distorted and lost because of the incoherent source being converted to decoherence in the visual cortex. This is the root cause for the diffusion of quantum interpretation that has divided the scientific consensus in the United States and the world over. We want to access this true light so that the coherent light source itself would intensify the cognitive faculties and with this enhanced ability to penetrate the true meaning of our life. With this perfect light source we will assimilate information more effectively, more quickly, and thereby integrate it into the brain effortlessly.
What is the relevance of the light source in our perception? It took me a long time to realize this, because I was studying it from the philosophical and mathematical side without the benefit of the quantum science of Light known as Collective Electrodynamics (CED). It just didn’t enter my range of thinking; I was basically blind—as Einstein would say—until recently. What is the meaning of the light source? Where is it? The eye needs the light. Without the light there is no seeing. It doesn’t only emanate from the center, where your consciousness resides, because you can see it in the external world. It cannot be external to the structure, either, because we are considering the universe as a whole. So, I finally found the answer to this basic question in that little book called “Modern Optics” by Grant R. Fowles. All throughout the discussion on electromagnetism, physicists describe these light waves as vectors. You study mathematics and you hear all about vectors.
But it was Carver Mead who distinguished himself by doing all of his work on electromagnetism with the vector potential. For him “the only bright light in the subject was the vector potential.” It was with Richard Feynman (the legendary professor from CALTECH) that Mead discovered the possibility of doing “all of electromagnetic theory” with the vector potential. “In the general theory of quantum electrodynamics, one takes the vector and scalar potentials as fundamental quantities in a set of equations that replace the Maxwell equations.” By following what Mead calls the “true vintage Feynman” I discovered “the equations of electrodynamics in four-vector form—the approach that Mead adapted in his great work ‘Collective Electrodynamics.’ a four-vector whose components are the magnetic vector potential and whose time component is the electric scalar potential. According to Feynman “the A- field is “real”… what we mean here by a “real” field is this: a real field is a mathematical function we use for avoiding the idea of action at a distance… a “real” field is then a set of numbers we specify in such way that what happens at a point depends only on the numbers at that point. (Richard Feynman’s Lecures on Physics Volume 2 section 15-5)
Dipole Field Components
“What is the advantage of the vector potential? We will see that in more advanced theoretical matters (in relativity, in advanced formulations of the laws of mechanics, like the principle of least action… and in quantum mechanics) the vector potential plays an important role… It is , in fact, just because momentum and energy play a central role in quantum mechanics that A and F provide the most direct way of introducing electromagnetic effects into quantum descriptions. (Richard Feynman’s Lecures on Physics Volume 2 section 14-10). For Mead, Feynman “had separated science into two worlds: quantum and classical. For him, the vector potential was primary in the quantum world. These two worlds had not yet come together. For Mead the macroscopic (classical) and microscopic (quantum) worlds are now unified coherently thanks to the vector potential.
The story of the vector potential actually started with Michael Faradays visual thought in 1851, when he visualized that the magnetic lines of force not only circulate outside the magnet but also inside of it. This insight was later appropriated mathematically and visually by Maxwell who used it as a foundational concept in the formulation of his theory of electromagnetism. It is very important to realize that Maxwell derived the classical equations of the E (electrical field) and B (magnetic field) from A (the vector potential). But, according to Mead the fact that Maxwell was wedded to the false concept of the Ether he narrowly missed the connecting link between the quantum world and the electromagnetic field. Further more he set the stage for the vector potential to be discarded by Heaviside and Hertz as a mere scaffolding device in the establishment of the classical equation of electromagnetism that are still being used today. The "severe blow" that this derailment inflicted on the theory of electromagnetism not only impeded the understanding of the quantum foundation of electromagnetism but also impeded the connection between Einsteins theory of relativity and quantum physics.
Akira Tonomura in his book; The Quantum World Unveiled by Electron Waves, also shows us the relevance of the vector potential in the search for the unified field theory. To be continued).
Most discussions about vectors have to do with the motion and direction of light waves. But they rarely discuss the vector as the light source of perception itself. Surely the visual process is discussed but they never mention or acknowledge the relevance of the nature of light, whether it is coherent or incoherent and much less of its meaning or semantics. For me the vectorial concept and its perception resulted from a synthesis of reading modern optics in conjunction with Meads and Einstein’s A & B coefficients. When I became aware of the vectorial nature of light I suddenly realized that the source of light is not only the foundation of our visual perception but that it is the perceptual flow itself. Our consciousness is derived from the light source; the light source produces and determines what we see and how we think. The coherent structure of perception enables you to see yourself seeing because it is self reflective and because it focuses the consciousness on the global act of seeing the vectorial flow of the light itself and not only on the objects of perception. For example, ordinarily when we look at the world we see a multiplicity of objects in the background of which one is summoned to the foreground where we focus our attention. This moment of the process localizes the interaction between subject and object creating the illusion of duality, where we think is just the object and I out there. What is illusive about this event is not the local interaction—which is quite real—but the incomplete perception of the global reality due to the sense of atomicity or the discreetness that results from the transduction of incoherent light in the retina, this interaction is what leads to that inevitable lost of information. Einstein’s coherent structure not only resolved the dualistic impasse that has kept most theories of knowledge imprisoned by this false dichotomy, but most of all it guided me to a more complete view.
In Conquering mathematics from Arithmetic to Calculus the authors, Lloyd Motz and Jefferson Hane Weaver give us true insight into the foundation of mathematics as the language of science. “Since most people find mathematics somewhat forbidden, if not frightening, they find it difficult to understand how it can be regarded as beautiful. We believe that this beauty will be revealed to those who read this book carefully. It is not the visual beauty of painting or the audio beauty of a musical performance. Nor is it the literary beauty of a great poem; it is entirely intellectual and therefore, while more difficult to perceive, more satisfying when perceived. The beauty to which we respond in mathematics is related to symmetry, which is the basis of all beauty whether it is visual, auditory, or literary. But symmetry itself is essentially a mathematical concept, which we discussed briefly in this book. The most beautiful symmetries that occur in nature are those associated with crystals such as the various precious stones (diamond, ruby, etc). Each of these structures can be described by a definite mathematical formula so that the mathematician perceives the beauty of the precious stones in the mathematical formulas that represent it, just as the musician hears the sound of a composition when he peruses its sheet music. The most beautiful manifestation of symmetry in nature that is immediately visible to the naked eye is that of the snowflake (the hexagon, a six sided figure) and one can express it by a very simple mathematical formula.”
With the advent of the Retinal Laser Display as a coherent visualization system and its integration into the Microsoft’s Visual Studio.NET’s multidimensional graphics capabilities with the Pangolin Laser Designer we are now enabled to see the supersymmetric field of Einstein’s equation of creation. According to Edward Witten “when Einstein introduced Special Relativity in 1905 and then General relativity in 1915, Quantum mechanics was still largely in the future, and Einstein assumed that space and time can be measured by ordinary numbers. Einstein’s conception of space and time has been adequate for discoveries made until the present, but discovery of super-symmetry would begin a reworking of Einstein’s ideas in the light of Quantum Mechanics.” This re-work is precisely what Mead accomplishes and it is why Einstein’s LaserEnlightened vision is a more coherent foundation for the solution of the Unified Field Theory. But contrary to Witten’s supersymmetric assumption about elementary particles and the “quantum dimension of space and time, not measurable by ordinary numbers,” I believe Einstein’s direction was correct. The supersymmetric conclusion (as of 2003), that the foundation of the universe is discrete (see Super Gravity) is clear evidence that this assumption is corrupted by Bohr’s incoherent averaging process (the statistical interpretation) and by the discontinuous and disordered view of nature.
In his crystalline book THE SEARCH FOR SUPERSTRINGS, SYMMETRY, AND THE THEORY OF EVERYTHING, APPENDIX 1 GROUP THEORY FOR BEGINNERS p.190 JOHN GRIBBEN states; the key point is that a completely globally invariant field is undetectable, because it is the same everywhere. Fields only express themselves, as it were, when the symmetry is broken and there are differences from place to place…
I discovered that J. C. Maxwell had a similar experience when he connected electricity and magnetism with the velocity of light C as recounted by Mead, Feynman in his Lectures on Physics and Gribben respectively.
If we, by education, by scientific practices, by social norms, restrict the development of individual talents to narrow specializations, we will thereby lose the ability to innovate. Fortunately, there is, within our culture, an evolution of knowledge over and above the addition of facts and the specialized understanding of those facts. Many phenomena that in the past were seen as separate are now understood to be the same: Fire is a chemical reaction, not a separate element; temperature is energy; light is electromagnetic radiation; molecules are aggregation of atoms; mechanical forces are electromagnetic in origin; Each of these equivalences represents a major unification and simplification of the knowledge base. Ideas formerly occupying separate conceptual spaces now occupy the same conceptual space. Each unification was made possible by a deeper understanding of the existing facts, often triggered by the discovery of a crucial new fact. It is this unification and simplification of knowledge that gives us hope for the future of our culture. To the extent that we encourage future generations to understand deeply, to see previously unseen connections, and to follow their conviction that such endeavors are noble undertakings of the human spirit, we will have contributed to a brighter future…(C.E. p.x).
The most dramatic moments in the development of physics are those in which great syntheses take place, where phenomena, which previously had appeared to be different, are suddenly discovered to be but different aspect of the same thing. The history of physics is the history of such syntheses, and the basis of the success of physical science is mainly that we are able to synthesize. Perhaps the most dramatic moment in the development of physics during the 19th century occurred to J.C. Maxwell one day in the 1860’s, when he combined the laws of electricity and magnetism with the laws of the behavior of light. As a result, the properties of light were partly unraveled—that old and subtled stuff that is so important and mysterious that it was felt necessary to arrange a special creation for it when writing Genesis. Maxwell could say, when he was finished with his discovery, “Let there be electricity and magnetism, and there was light!” For this culminating moment there was a long preparation in the gradual discovery and unfolding of the laws of electricity and magnetism... The gradually discovered properties of electricity and magnetism, of electric forces of attraction and repulsion, and of magnetic forces, showed that although these forces were rather complex, they fell off inversely as the square of the distances. We know, for example, that the simple coulomb law for stationary charges is that the electric force field varies inversely as the square of the distance. As a consequence, for sufficiently great distances there is very little influence of one system of charges on another. Maxwell noted that the equations or the laws that had been discovered up to this time were mutually inconsistent when he tried to put them all together, and in order for the whole system to be consistent, he had to add another term to his equations. With this new term there came an amazing prediction, which was that a part of the electric and magnetic fields would fall off much more slowly with the distance then the inverse square, namely, inversely as the first power of the distance! And so he realized that electric currents in one place can affect other charges far away, and he predicted the basic effects with which we are familiar today---radio transmission, radar, and so on. (Feynman Lecture on Physics Volume I, 28-1).
In 1862 Maxwell found that with the choice of properties needed to explain the forces of electricity and magnetism, the medium would transmit waves at the speed of light. His excitement shone through in the words of a paper published that year, in which the italics are Maxwell’s own: ‘We can scarcely avoid the inference that light consists in the transverse undulations of the same medium which is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena… Maxwell found that he could… explain every known electrical and magnetic phenomenon in terms of A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field, the titled of a paper published in 1864. The theory summed up everything there was to say about electricity and magnetism in a set of four equations… which represented the greatest scientific step forward since the time of Newton. And the equations contain a certain number, a constant always written as c, which corresponds to the speed of light. (Schrodinger’s Kittens, p.65,66).
The implanting of Eintein’s radiant thoughts into our fertile cognitive faculty with the Retinal laser Display via our LaserEyes is precisely what Koestler refers to as the “juxta-position of two concepts from separate conceptual spaces. Such a conjunction creates not merely a new idea but an enlargement of the space of ideas, a cross-fertilization that is the very stuff of which innovation is made.
[1] Part 3: The New Lambdasphere emerges from Einstein’s Proportional Vision of the Laser.
Imagination is more important than knowledge, knowledge is limited, imagination encircles the world. A. Einstein
It struck me as lightning when I discovered that Einstein’s proportional vision of the laser, his A and B coefficients were in homological (structurally identical) correspondence with the relativistic example of the Lightning he employed in his 1916 book on Relativity. I was also truly galvanized by the experience of knowing Einstein’s radiant thoughts at the original moment of his conception in 1916. By following my LaserEnlightened intuition I discovered that the development of Einstein’s brilliant idea not only gave us coherent light, but that it was arguably Einstein’s most productive scientific contribution to the advancement of civilization. Thanks to the laser we are re-creating ourselves in the image of pure and practical reason.
On the above picture a similar function to the laser is performed by a superconductor; ORDINARY CONDUCTOR (Left): In an ordinary electrical conductor, incoherent, disordered electrons allow penetration by an external magnetic field. SUPERCONDUCTOR (Right): In a superconductor, coherent collective functioning of the electrons spontaneously excludes an external magnetic field, and maintains its impenetrable status. A coherent brainwave “firewall” is generated with the Meissner effect in the Quantum Physics of Superconductivity. “When a material makes the transition from the normal to superconducting state, it actively excludes magnetic fields from its interior; this is called the Meissner effect.
[59] The left picture illustrates FAST, the Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer, which was launched on August 21, 1996 aboard a Pegasus XL vehicle. FAST is probing the physical processes that produce aurorae, the displays of light that appear in the upper atmosphere at high latitudes. FAST discovered the invisible MASER that produces the visible Aurora (oxygen laser).[60] The key function of the magneto sphere is to protect the Earth from the powerful solar winds, without it no life would be possible on Earth.
The Laser as it turned out is the geomagnetic light that converts the disordered light rays of the sun into the ordered waves of the auroras and thereby protects the process of photosynthesis, allowing for life to flourish on our precious planet. I also found that through Einstein’s proportional vision of coherent light we are developing our natural powers to be fruitful stewards of this laser intelligence within our universe. I saw how this light has expanded our vision to the farthest reaches of the universe as well as to the inner sanctum of the quantum world. And in another truly amazing discovery I saw how through that simple act of questioning, Einstein became the father of our macroscopic, microscopic, and laser spectroscopic understanding of the absolute (invariant) nature of light. The stereoscopic and dynamic holographic vision of intelligence that is emerging on the internet also has its roots in this ‘brilliant idea’. Ultimately he became the true founder of the New Civilization, because he revealed to mankind the most powerful light of the universe. And today, with our LaserEyes intensified and amplified by Microvisions Retinal Laser Display this Laser Enlightenment is opening the gates of the New Lambdasphere.
To truly understand the fundamental unity between Einsteins LaserEnlightened Vision and the emergence of the New Lambdasphere, it will be necessary for us to appropriate this profound self-reflection where we see our eyes as true mirrors within the space-time continuum of coherent light. Correlatively on the objective side in order to realize this project and to arrive at the correct quantum result on the optical Internet, understood as the New Lambdasphere, (according to Carver Meade) we need to “take “into account the interaction of the electron with itself… By using a continuous, self-interacting quantum system as the conceptual basis for electromagnetic theory, we have advanced one step closer to a simpler and more unified discipline…
This monograph (Collective Electrodynamics) has shown how the traditional discipline of electromagnetism is most economically viewed as the study of the coherent electron wave functions. These wave functions are continuous in space, representing a charge distribution that is distributed in space, and that interacts with itself. Any theory based on this view is essentially non-linear in nature; so the conceptual problem was not how energy is radiated by the oscillating wave function, but how the transition can be initiated in the first place. It is by now a common experimental fact that an atom, if sufficiently isolated from the rest of the universe, can stay in an excited state for an arbitrarily long period. It is also true that achieving that degree of isolation was not possible until the last few years. The mechanism for initiating an atomic transition is not present in the isolated atom; it is the direct result of coupling with the rest of the universe…”
[61] This atomic coupling is the fundamental quantum reason why we need to individually connect to the continuum of coherent light on the internet. By placing his life within the continuum, Einstein transcended the atomicity of his personal life and was able to live a fruitful cosmic life style. This is the marriage of our brains with the Universe via Lasers, establishing thereby the foundation for the New Lambdasphere. I connected deeply with Meade when he stated that “it is precisely Einstein and Schrdinger’s program that is carried out in Part 5 (of Collective Electrodynamics p.103). Initiating a transition requires that signals propagate forward and backward in time, what Einstein called “the character of reversibility.” The inwardly propagated spherical wave that Einstein saw as a mere mathematical possibility is, in reality, composed of the advanced waves from all atoms on the light cone that are responding to the atom in question, the same waves that caused radiation damping of our resonator in Part 4 (p.73). In a time-symmetric universe, an isolated system does not exist. The electron wave function in an atom is particularly sensitive to coupling with other electrons; it is coupled either to far-away matter in the universe or to other electrons in a resonant cavity or other local structure.
[62] Einstein in his popular book: RELATIVITY, THE SPECIAL AND GENERAL THEORY, (1916) wrote that “LIGHTNING struck the rails on our railway embankment at two places A and B far distant from each other.” Through this act of theorizing from the invariance of light he not only transduced our notion of the space-time continuum but he also made us realize that the true absolute is not space-time, but light. In Albert Einstein, Creator and Rebel by Banesh Hoffmann with Helen Dukas, the authors gave us a brilliant homological example of Einstein’s Lightning with the following proportional idea: A {a1 ? a2} and B {b1? b2}. [63] We will now see how the New Lambdasphere actually emerged from this proportional vision of light.
It was precisely this homological inspection of Einstein’s relativistic example of lightning striking points A and B that led me to the idea of “emission and absorption of radiation in quantum theory.” In his book “Introduction to Modern Optics” section 9.2 Stimulated Emission and Thermal Radiation; Grant R. Fowles writes “Einstein in 1917 first introduced the concept of stimulated or induced emission of radiation by atomic systems. He showed that in order to describe completely the interaction of matter and radiation, it is necessary to include that process in which an excited atom may be induced, by the presence of radiation, to emit a photon, and thereby decay to a lower energy state… An atom in level 2 can decay to level 1 by emission of a photon. Let us call A21 the transition probability per unit time for spontaneous emission from level 2 to level 1… In addition to these spontaneous transitions, there will be induced or stimulated transitions. Let B21 and B12 denote the proportionality constants for Stimulated Emission Radiation and absorption. The proportionality constants in the above expression are known as the Einstein A and B coefficients.” Even though Fowles omitted A12 in this discussion, which is the incoherent absorption, I knew at this instant that I had found the inner core to Einstein’s proportional vision of lasers.
This initial finding of Einstein’s A21, A12 and B21 ,B12, coefficients within the quantum phenomena of light immediately justified my juxtaposition of the two conceptual spaces of LaserEnlightenment or more precisely the conceptual transition that went from the Laser to the Enlightenment of reason via the A and B homology. The understanding of Einstein’s LaserEnlightened Vision came to me via this proportional structure of light. In a confession to a friend Einstein stated that, “when I examine myself and my methods of thought, I come close to the conclusion that the gift of imagination has meant more to me than my talent for absorbing absolute knowledge.”[64] He had an intuitive and artistic imagination that balanced and inspired his rigorous scientific concentration.
My proportional intuition about Einstein’s conception of LaserLight and his scientific formulation of this precious light was confirmed in Fowles book. The convergence of Einsteins proportional vision of light with my understanding was now clearly established. The homology between Einstein’s A (A21, A12) and B (B21 and B12) coefficients and my proportional vision immediately became evident. For Einstein the spherical structure of light is an invariant, signifying that it is continuously unchanging in space-time. And because of this invariance it is possible to simplify and illustrate the behavior of light with an example from the Bose- Einstein Condensation of the world without altering the fundamental character of the law.
Einstein’s proportionally brilliant idea as A and B Coefficients was now inscribed and coherently transduced into a proportional vision of perception (the Bose-Einstein apparatus, six laser beams in the structural directions shown below). These coefficients are constituted in this study by the horizontal four-fold vectors of that structure, and the resultant vision that vertically informed the world. (A21 is to A12 what B21 is to B12) where A21 is now a directed transition of coherent emissions or descent from atomic level 2 to level 1. A12 is the electromagnetic ascent from atomic level 1 to level 2 for the absorption of coherent light. B21 and B12 denote respectively the proportionality constants for stimulated emission radiation (descent of the coherent electron wave function) and absorption of coherent light. The two A vectors correspond to the coherent objective side of what’s perceived. For example, starting from the coherent background of the quantum world to an atomic object, vector A12 illuminates an object in the foreground. From the object to our eyes, vector A12 is absorbed and transduced by the cones and rods in the retina, this is the local sensation. The population inversion and the transduction accomplished in the retina transmit to the visual cortex a coherent signal. The two B vectors correspond to the coherent subjective side of the perceiver. B21 transmits the coherent signal via the neural network to the whole body B12 for conscious and unconscious processing or absorption. The body is now in a global coherent perception or conscious contact with the Bose-Einstein world.
The right-handed flow of Einstein’s proportional vision in the New Lambdasphere produced the downward vertical vector that influenced the research and development of a multiplicity of Laser technologies in medicine and in all the major industries of society as tools of great utility. Einstein’s vision in this direction also became the foundation for the dense wavelength division multiplexing technologies (DWDM) that are currently incarnating and augmenting our coherent power over the incoherent world on the internet. This downward vector is also coherently conquering the unconscious domain of decoherence in the brain with Microvisions Retinal Laser Display. On the other side, the left-handed flow of Einstein’s proportional vision produced the upward vertical vector that directed our findings of the unified sense of matter in the Bose-Einstein condensate (the fifth state of coherent matter or ideal Gas). In the coherent quantum brain metaphor the unified sense of matter comes through the sensory system of the retina and interacts with the DNA instructions in the visual cortex. Einstein’s coherent vision in this direction also influenced the unification of the world that the New Lambdasphere is making possible via the Internet (the all-optical laser network of networks) and the coherent cosmic microwave background radiation.
Predicted in 1924 by Albert Einstein, who built on the work of Satyendra Nath Bose, the condensation occurs when individual atoms meld into a "superatom" behaving as a single entity at just a few hundred billionths of a degree above absolute zero. The 71-year quest to confirm Bose and Einsteins theory was likened by many physicists to the search for the mythical Holy Grail. The BEC allows scientists to study the strange and extremely small world of quantum physics as if they are looking through a giant magnifying glass. Its creation established a new branch of atomic physics that has provided a treasure-trove of scientific discoveries. The condensation was first achieved at 10:54 a.m. on June 5, 1995, in a laboratory at JILA. The apparatus (six laser beams in the Bose-Einstein structure shown above) that made it is now at the Smithsonian Institution. is an interdisciplinary institute for research and graduate education in the physical sciences.
The global understanding of Einsteins LaserEnlightened Vision in the 5th state of matter (Bose-Einstein Condensation) will in turn give mankind access to the coherent generation of geomagnetic waves on the Auroras (Borealis and Australis) and eventually to the whole cosmos through the plasma (electrically charged or ionized gas, the fourth state of coherent matter that comes after the solid, liquid and gas respectively) of its Laser Stars (Quasars). Moreover, the global knowledge of the Bose-Einstein structure of perception in this sense allows mankind to fulfill itself completely. And finally in the radiant center at rest (the coherent motor), mankind’s rational consciousness directed the global movement of Einstein’s spherical perception because of his reasoned inquiry. Through this New Lambdasphere, mankind extended its coherent Light of Life, Love and Truth to the whole universe. With Einsteins LaserEnlightened Vision serving as our guide to the truth of life, it will now be transducing our natural coherent vision of the incoherent world into a coherent vision of the New Lambdasphere. Now we have access to the harmony of a truly beautiful and good world. In this cognitive schema the Bose-Einstein structure is a fruit from the coherent labor of thought that is illuminated by the radiant character of those precious scientists.
Bose-Einstein Condensation at 400, 200, and 50 nano-Kelvins (above absolute zero, picture below).
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Emergence of vortex structure in a rotating Bose-Einstein condensate. From NIST Technology at a Glance, Fall 1999 Followed by Twelve-vortex array in a rotating Bose-Einstein condensate. (JILA) The above pictures are a first glimpse of the unified sense of matter in Rubidium molecules. That 12 vortex array is very significant because it is homologically identical to the structure (21-12) of the New Lambdasphere. "Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC). Discovered in space ! According to quantum mechanics atoms have wave-like properties and a corresponding de Broglie wavelength. Recent laser trapping and cooling experiments have succeeded in slowing atoms to such small velocity spreads that their wavelength corresponds to the average interparticle separation. If the atom behaves like a boson, the wavefunction of all the atoms in the condensate collapse into a macroscopic quantum state consisting of a superposition of identical wavefunctions. This fifth state of matter has coherence properties similar to laser light which can also be considered as a condensate of particles called photons. Lasers have been discovered in stellar atmospheres, hence there are naturally occurring BECs in outer space ! (John Talbot). The Nobel Prizes for 1997, 2001 and 2005 were awarded to scientist working with Lasers on the Bose-Einstein condensate which is the coherent unified state of matter in its ultimate quantum form. But above all through these findings we will acquire the proper understanding of Einstein’s law of coherent light. This Law of life was derived from Einsteins LaserEnlightened Vision of the space/time continuum.
In a reverse application of the Bose-Einstein Structure of perception, I saw the incoherent source of light at the radiant center. Einstein’s proportional vision; A (A21, A12 ) and B (B21, B12) expressed through the four-fold horizontal vectors remain the same. But the result of the right-handed movements in the downward vectors produces decoherence (destruction of coherence) throughout the brain. This is the fundamental reason for the brain’s mediocre performance in learning and its imprisonment in falsehoods. In Einstein, decoherence obstructed his ability to complete the unified field theory that he was searching for the last 30 years of his life. Being that we consciously use less than 2% of the brain’s coherent capacity, it is quite evident that the other 98% is immersed in the process of sorting useless incoherent information and managing the autonomic systems within the body. The problem of Decoherence in the brain also clarified the idea that if 98% of the light source we use in this world is incoherent (sunlight, moonlight, starlight, electrical light, candlelight, flashlight, neon light, florescent light, light emitting diodes etc.) then it may very well be the reason why we use only 2% of our brain’s conscious capacity, which is coherent. And by the same token, the left-handed movements that result in the upward vectors produced the statistical quantum thinking (an incoherent averaging process) that was established by consensus or convention in the scientific community, not by the fundamental law of the universe. Statistical mechanics is the fundamental source of the theoretical quantum confusion that the Copenhagen school--led by Niels Bohr-- has perpetuated. And through this mode of thinking it has mislead the quantum scientists for over 70 years. They even accused Einstein of being senile and incapable of dealing with the new science because he disagreed with their statistically accurate calculations but conceptual miss-interpretation of the quantum foundation of reality.
A Well Collimated Quasi-Continuous Atom Laser
 Figure 1. A series of three pulses of atoms, extracted from the Bose-Einstein condensate on the extreme left have traveled to the right without any significant spreading. |
|  Figure 2. A series of 140 overlapping pulses form a continuous, well-collimated atom laser beam, which moves to the right at 6 cm/s. |
This work is being reported in talks by NIST physicists Steven Rolston and William Phillips
at the centennial meeting of the American Physical Society in Atlanta.
“One of the most exciting and significant inventions of the 20th century is the laser. The differences between laser light and the light from, for example, an incandescent lamp, are apparent to anyone who has seen a laser pointer. The laser emits a narrow beam of "collimated" light, that is, light that does not spread out much, even when projected across a large auditorium. By contrast even the best flashlight beam spreads significantly in a short distance. The laser light is very pure in color (usually red), but the lamp emits white light, a jumbled mixture of all the colors of the rainbow. Less apparent, but just as important, is that the light waves from the laser are all in step, like a well-trained drill team marching in strict cadence, while the light bulb emits waves in a haphazard manner, like a crowd of disorderly school children running across a playground.
Beams of atoms have much in common with beams of light. Each can be thought of as a stream of particles (called photons in the case of light), or as a beam of waves. Until recently, however, atomic beams have always been like the light beams from flashlights--a disorderly jumble of different waves, not the orderly "coherence" of a laser beam. The 1995 achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in the laboratory of Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman of JILA, a joint program of the Commerce Departments National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado at Boulder, changed all that. A Bose-Einstein condensate is a collection of atoms all in the same quantum state. That means that all the atoms are doing exactly the same thing, much as all the light inside a laser is doing the same thing, with all the waves marching in step. When atoms are drawn out of a Bose-Einstein condensate, they can form a beam of atoms that is like a laser beam. Such a beam is as different from ordinary atomic beams as lasers are from light bulbs. An "atom laser" was first made in the laboratory of Wolfgang Ketterle at MIT in Cambridge MA in 1997.
In our laboratory at NIST in Gaithersburg MD we have made a significant advance in the art of atom lasers. The MIT atom laser produced a series of pulses of atoms, with each pulse spreading out in an expanding arc, like the ripples on a pond into which a series of rocks is thrown. The effect was the same as if one held a diverging lens in front of a laser beam, causing it to spread out, instead of remaining as a narrow, collimated beam. We modified the process of extracting the atoms so that the spreading became negligible--not much worse than in a usual laser pointer. In addition, we pulse the laser so quickly that the pulses overlap, effectively making a continuous beam of atoms. The key to our method is that it kicks the atoms out in a chosen direction with a chosen speed, while the older method caused the atoms to trickle out under the influence of gravity. Just as some advanced lasers can be "tuned" to deliver different colors of light, our technique allows the atom laser to be tuned to deliver different velocity atoms.
As when the laser was invented 40 years ago, the potential applications of the atom laser may not be apparent, but some of them can be anticipated. Atom interferometers, devices that use the wave-like properties of atoms, may be significantly improved by the use of laser-like atomic beams. This could allow improved measurements of gravity or make for better inertial navigation. The invention of lasers ushered in the common use of holographic imaging, and atom lasers may do the same for atom holograms, possibly allowing advances in lithography--the process by which ultra miniature electronic circuitry is made.”
A paper by E. Hagley, L. Deng, M. Kozuma, J. Wen, K. Helmerson, S. Rolston, and W. Phillips, detailing the atom laser development appears in the 12 March 1999 issue of the journal Science.
The logo represents the quantum mechanics of Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) from an overpopulated upper level to a relatively underpopulated lower level. The transition at left occurs by spontaneous emission, producing a photon which travels to the right and induces another excited atom to emit a photon of identical properties. Hence, Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation: L.A.S.E.R.
The blue star symbol to the left of the logo represents the discovery by Y.P.Varshni (1973) that laser action is responsible for the unusual spectra of quasars, these objects are hot stars within our own galaxy. The unusual strength and variability of the optical emission lines are due to amplified spontaneous emission from an expanding stellar atmosphere, creating a naturally occuring plasma laser. Rapid adiabatic expansion of the hot gases and contact with cooler circumstellar gas and dust creates a highly non-equilibrium plasma environment. This encourages excess three-body recombination into the upper quantum levels which become over-populated, while the lower levels are radiatively de-populated. These two processes cooperate to produce an imbalance called a population inversion.
NGC 7027
Near infrared laser radiation from molecular hydrogen was detected in planetary nebula NGC 7027. The central star is the bright point in the center of the image. Note the series of faint concentric shells far from the central star.
(Hubble Space Telescope Photo)
Physicist Dr. Y. P. Varshni of the University of Ottawa made the startling discovery that some stars within our galaxy produce laser radiation. The Hubble Space Telescope and the Kuiper Airborne Observatory have confirmed that laser emissions can be produced by stars with violent stellar winds. These controversial observations have significant implications for cosmology.
Recent astronomical observations made by the Hubble Space Telescope and the Kuiper Airborne Observatory have confirmed laser emissions can be produced by stars with extremely strong stellar winds. Plasma recombination lasers have been extensively tested in the lab, the usual means of achieving rapid cooling are expansion and contact with a colder gas. These two mechanisms are coincidentally the most commonly occurring processes in violent stellar atmospheres.
The strong stellar winds in the atmosphere of certain stars are like the throat region of a rocket nozzle, the hot gases rapidly expand and cool. This can produce a gas where certain microscopic processes are forced away from their equilibrium rates. This upsets the normal distribution among the quantum energy states and produces more particles in the upper levels.
This population inversion is the key ingredient to create a laser (LASER = Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation). Laser stars with strong stellar winds leave a distinct signature by the colors they emit. The debris left after this hot gas has cooled accumulates around the star. When fresh hot gases ram into these cold ashes, the additional cooling greatly enhances the laser effect, similar to gas-contact plasma lasers on earth.
Plasma lasers dont require new physics, they have been around for almost three decades and are very well documented. Labs around the world are engaged in a frantic race to use this technology to construct short wavelength lasers. High power X-ray lasers, the Holy Grail of laser research, will revolutionize the field of microelectronics, molecular microbiology and perhaps even inertial confinement fusion. Since the lasing medium is already fully ionized, theres practically no upper limit to output power. Plasma lasers will play an important role in x-ray and ultra-high power lasers of the next century.
In the last few decades witness the dramatic increase in practical applications of quantum mechanics developed earlier this century. Lasers and microelectronics are striking examples. These children of the quantum revolution are omnipresent in CD-Players, CD-ROM drives and laser printers. Products are irradiated by laser beams from checkout counters, telecommunications are mostly via the laser and soon optical computers will be thinking with lasers. And finally, what would James Bond do without his secret laser wristwatch ?
Strictly speaking there is no mention of degree of coherence of the laser. There are basically two types of lasers; those with mirrors and those without. Mirrorless lasers are single pass and act as laser amplifiers. Fiber optic lasers used by the telecommunications industry are a good example of optical amplifiers. They are used to boost laser signals that have been attenuated by absorption in very long fiber paths. The coherence of the incoming laser signal is thus preserved.
Laser amplifiers will amplify anything falling within their bandwidth even random spontaneous emission events in the gain medium itself. If you dont supply a signal to the amplifier input you get amplified noise like the hiss you hear between channels on a radio receiver. Mirrorless lasers produce amplified spontaneous emission which is detrimental to telecommunications applications but is the primary source in laser stars. Although this radiation is still somewhat monochromatic it is much less coherent than single mode lasers with mirror cavities. The laser coherence can also be reduced by Doppler broadening from rapidly expanding stellar atmospheres.
Another mechanism which can dramatically reduce overall coherence in laser stars is the ability of the gain medium to amplify more than one wavelength depending on the plasma conditions. The resulting spectra is then polychromatic usually consisting of several bright emission lines superposed on a stellar continuum or the white light produced by the photosphere of the star. There may also be unusual absorption lines from the overpopulated metastable state to higher states (including Helium discontinuities). Absorption lines can be narrow or wide or of P-Cygni type.
Amateur astronomers can observe stars with laser emission spectra from their own backyards with the naked eye.
QUASARS ARE LASER STARS
Laser emission was detected in the spectra of quasars, (Varshni, 1973) which implies they are stars within our galaxy. This prediction was later confirmed by a large number astronomical observations such as the recent unexpected discovery of naked quasars by the Hubble Space Telescope. Several confirmed galactic stars such as GRS 1915 105 and GRO J1655-40 have high speed jets and spectrum similar to the quasars. These axisymmetric high velocity ejections also occur in young stellar objects(YSO), in x-ray novae, in planetary nebula, in symbiotic stars and in many laser stars such as TON 202, 3C 345 and Cygnus-A. However, one of the most crucial pieces of observational evidence was discovered in a star proper motion survey (Varshni, 1982), a catalog of faint blue stars which contained irrefutable observational data of quasars moving rapidly across the sky.
HUBBLE UNCOVERS A HIDDEN QUASAR IN A NEARBY GALAXY
Astronomers using NASAs Hubble Space Telescope have found a new quasar (09/1994) -- not billions of light years away like its known cousins, but a mere 600 million light years, the equivalent of Earths cosmic backyard. VLA image of one of the brightest radio object in the sky. This image demonstrates two of the common properties associated with radio loud quasars: Highly collimated (coherent) jets terminating on strong radio lobes. This is a radio image of Cygnus A (3C405) the closest quasar found. Its closeness brings into question the currently held theory that all quasars are very distant and old objects. (Very Long Array image, National Radio Observatory).
Diagram of the optical brightness distribution of the Milky Way. Units: 1 star of magnitude 10 per square degree (colorized version of diagram originally from Scheffler and Elsasser, 1988). (Cygnus-A is within the second orange blob from the left or 70 degrees galactic longitude, between North galactic latitude 0 and 10)
Based on Uranometria star charts, there are no other confirmed galaxies within a 10 degree radius from Cygnus-A. From the chart drawn by Hubble himself, this object fall within the zone he declares as devoid of galaxies. Also note how this Zone of Avoidance corresponds with areas of high stellar luminosity from the diagram of the first section.
Radio Image at 408-MHz of Galactic Plane region, (Cygnus-A in small box)
Also, the fact that Cygnus-A is one of the strongest radio sources in the entire sky is an important hint that warrants the careful reviewer to consider the possibility that the object is within our galaxy, otherwise he would have to assume paradoxical power densities and rapid fluctuations. Radio observations show that there is an elongated object in Cygnus As core. This is inconsistent with black hole models that predict a compact point source of radiation
These facts contradict the standard theory that quasars are enormously luminous galaxies at the edge of the known universe. If this assumption were correct, many quasars would be traveling at velocities exceeding one thousand times the speed light. This is clearly non-sense, quasars are much closer than previously assumed : They are laser stars within our own galaxy.
The logo represents the quantum mechanics of Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) from an overpopulated upper level to a relatively under populated lower level. The transition at left occurs by spontaneous emission, producing a photon which travels to the right and induces another excited atom to emit a photon of identical properties. Hence, Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation : L.A.S.E.R.
The blue star symbol to the left of the logo represents the discovery by Y.P.Varshni (1973) that laser action is responsible for the unusual spectra of quasars, these objects are hot stars within our own galaxy. The unusual strength and variability of the optical emission lines are due to amplified spontaneous emission from an expanding stellar atmosphere, creating a naturally occurring plasma laser. Rapid adiabatic expansion of the hot gases and contact with cooler circumstellar gas and dust creates a highly non-equilibrium plasma environment. This encourages excess three-body recombination into the upper quantum levels which become over-populated, while the lower levels are radiatively de-populated. These two processes cooperate to produce an imbalance called a population inversion.
Computer simulations are carried out on collisional radiative models of non-equilibrium recombining plasmas using hydrogen, helium and other light elements with a range of plasma temperatures from 3,000 to 300,000 degree Kelvin and a plasma density from 10^12 to 10^16 electrons per cubic centimeter. The plasma model took into account basic atomic processes such as the (de)excitation by electron collision, three-body recombination and its inverse collisional ionization by electron impact, radiative recombination and spontaneous emission.
There is observational evidence that certain quasars exceed one thousand times the speed of light. This clearly violates the laws of causality and provides irrefutable proof that quasars arent extragalactic. The laser star theory solves these paradoxes. The red shift is shown to be meaningless, there are no black holes, no gravitationally lensed quasars and superluminal motion is a hoax.
Amateurs astronomers with CCD cameras can track quasar proper motion and confirm the laser star theory.
Laser action is proportional to the violence of the stellar wind which depends on the type of star and its evolutionary state. Although thermonuclear fusion is ultimately the principle power supply which pumps stellar lasers, this energy is usually degraded before it reaches the surface of the star. In the interior, fusion initiated by gravitational collapse occurs in extremely hot plasma, temperatures are usually in the many million of degrees Kelvin.
Fusion reactions produce a zoo of energetic products such as gamma rays, neutrons, positrons, neutrinos etc... Due to the bulk of the overlying stellar mantle, the energy they contain is degraded by a multitude of collisions and anihilations. By the time the energy diffuses to the surface by radiation and convection, thousands of years may have elapsed. The plasma in the stellar atmosphere of stars is much colder than in the interior, but still many thousands to hundreds of thousands of degrees Kelvin.
In the particular case of laser stars, the plasma in the stellar atmosphere undergoes a final extremely rapid cooling phase during violent ejection in strong stellar winds. This final stage produces the highly non-equilibrium conditions necessary for strong population inversion and laser action.
Object Description: Eta Carinae is the most luminous star known in our galaxy. It radiates energy at a rate that is 5 million times that of the sun. Observations indicate that Eta Carinae is an unstable star that is rapidly boiling matter off its surface. Some astronomers think that it could explode as a supernova any time! At a distance of 7,000 light years from Earth, this gigantic explosion would pose no threat to life but it would be quite a show.
Scale: Image is 100 arcsec on a side.
Astronomy Picture of the Day
Lasers in Eta Carinae
Credit: NASA, J. Gitlin (StScI)
Explanation: Have you heard about the great LASER light show in the sky? Well, nobody had until it was announced just yesterday by a team led by K. Davidson (U. Minnesota) and S. Johansson (U. Lund). The research team discovered that the unusually variable star Eta Carinae emits ultraviolet light of such a specific color it is most probably LASER light! The artists conception shown above depicts a possible model for the Hubble Space Telescope observations. In this model, Eta Carinae emits many LASER beams from its surrounding cloud of energized gas. Infrared LASERS and microwave MASERS are extremely rare astrophysical phenomena, but this ultraviolet LASER is the first of its kind to be discovered.
Twinkle, Twinkle Laser Star !
Constructing Artificial Laser Stars
by John Talbot
What if you could control the direction of photons emitted by a star? Instead of spreading out in all directions some could be projected in the form of a highly coherent and collimated laser beam. An artificial laser star could be constructed to send an extremely well focused and concentrated beam of light towards a space station or planet to sustain a biosphere or propel an interstellar light sail. From such a planet, the sun would appear like a bright twinkling point rather than a small disk. This could be accomplished with mirrors with total area smaller than the surface of the earth, they would span a single pixel element on the picture at left, too small to see.
The solution is to construct an artificial laser star on the surface of the sun, then channel a portion of the energy produced by the star into a directed beam shining straight towards the outer planet.
The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) team has made the first detailed full-sky map of the oldest light in the universe. It is a "baby picture" of the universe. Colors indicate "warmer" (red) and "cooler" (blue) spots. The oval shape is a projection to display the whole sky; similar to the way the globe of the earth can be projected as an oval. The microwave light captured in this picture is from 379,000 years after the Big Bang, over 13 billion years ago: the equivalent of taking a picture of an 80-year-old person on the day of their birth. The light that is reaching us has been stretched out as the universe has stretched, so light that was once beyond gamma rays is now reaching us in the form of microwaves. Microwaves are the same as the light we see with our eyes, but stretched out to a longer wavelength.
Responsible NASA Official: Charles Bennett
Webmaster: Britt Griswold
An image of the intensity and polarization of the cosmic microwave background radiation made with the Degree Angular Scale Interferometer (DASI) telescope. The small temperature variations of the cosmic microwave background are shown in false color, with yellow hot and red cold. The polarization at each spot in the image is shown by a black line. The length of the line shows the strength of the polarization and the orientation of the line indicates the direction in which the radiation is polarized. The size of the white spot in the lower left corner approximates the angular resolution of the DASI polarization observations... The polarization of the cosmic microwave background was produced by the scattering of cosmic light when it last interacted with matter, nearly 14 billion years ago... The polarization is a signpost from when the universe was only 400,000 years old, when matter and light were only just beginning to separate from one another. University of Chicago News Office.
The photograph above (lower left) is a miniature star created inside the Nova laser (ten laser beams) target chamber, delivering a pulse with a total peak power of 10,000,000,000,000 (Trillion) watts The radiant image of the Bose-Einstein structure of perception in laser light emerges from this creative act. What we are now witnessing with the laser star inscribed in the New Lambdasphere is truly the COSMOGENESIS of a new coherent universe, which is the coherent foundation of our universe. “The Nova star is the predecessor to the National Ignition Facility project. http://www.llnl.gov/nif/index.html. The largest and most powerful Laser in the world named “NIF is a 192-beam 1.8 MJ laser for creating conditions of extreme temperatures and pressures in the laboratory. Laser fusion experiments produce extreme temperatures and pressures found in stars. Construction of the 192-beam laser facility is now completed in Livermore, CA. Conventional facilities progress is 100 % complete.” The project members aim to create enough power, pressure, and sheer energy in a pellet of nuclear fuel to achieve the conditions in the center of the sun and initiate thermonuclear fusion, the reaction in which two hydrogen nuclei fuse together and provide the sun with an almost limitless source of energy… The two nuclei collapse together and “fuse” to form a helium nucleus, and enormous amounts of energy are released. The energy produced by this means may someday dwarf the initial input of Laser Light energy in the reactor, paving the way for an era of almost limitless energy, fueled by heavy hydrogen obtained from abundant supplies of ocean water. (LASERS, Harnessing the Atom’s Light by James P. Harbison and Robert E. Nahory p. 196-198).
Scientist with further insights into LaserLight (in the 1990s) at the Lawrence Livermore National Lab were led to harness true Laser Fusion. They were now able to produce a Coherent Cosmic Star entitled Nova (a new star), just like it is Heaven. The coherent condition of Laser Fusion and the energetic mission given to NIF will be distributed globally through the Photonic networks of Dense Wave Division Multiplexing as it is described in chapter 10 of the “Future of Optical Networks by Regis J. Bates entitled “Where Is It All Heading? The fiber cables being installed consist of 96 to 192 fibers in a bundle (or many more in the long haul networks, up to 864 in 2001). If we have 192 fibers and can place 1,000 different wavelengths on each fiber, we will have: 192 X 1000 = 192,000 different wavelengths. Extending that number to a lambda carrying OC-192 (Optical Capacity) today at approximately 10 Gbps (Giga bytes per second), the result is: 192,000 X 10 Gbps per 1 = 1,920,000,000,000,000bps or 1.920 Petra bits per second. That is a consolidated figure, but is a significant number. However, the snapshot is using the OC-192 at 10 Gbps for the overall data rate. The newer OC-768 = 4 x 192 operates at 40 Gbps. If we extend that same logic, the results are as follows: 192 fibers X 40 Gbps per (1) X 1,000 1 per fiber = 7.680 Petra bits per second.” The Laser energetics of these optical pipe lines will replace all of the world’s oil and gas pipe lines, establishing thereby the new laser power infrastructure.
The Ruby Laser, the Nova Laser star and the New Lambdasphere are all quantum legacy products of Einstein’s coherent spherical vision of the cosmos which came to him when he was 37 years old, between January and August of 1916 in Berlin, Germany.
NIF Optics: One of the major highlights of the technology development for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) is optics. NIFs KDP crystals (shown above) serve two functions: frequency conversion and polarization rotation.
The significance of mirror numbers (21-12) is clearly illustrated in the solid-state crystals of laser devices. In number theory they are called palindromes (palin, again dramein, to run = a word, phrase or sentence which reads the same backward or forward). “Mirrors at each end reflect the photons back and forth, continuing this process of stimulated emission and amplification. There are many types of lasers, including solid-state, gas, semiconductor, or liquid. The ruby laser is a solid-state laser. Solid-state lasers provide the highest output power of all laser types. The National Ignition Facility laser will also be a solid-state laser, but will use a special glass (rather than crystals of ruby) to amplify the initial laser pulses to very high energy levels. The NIF laser will be the most powerful laser in the world.”
But the fact that it is pulsed may be a limiting factor because it introduces discreteness or interruption into the coherent, continuous and directed foundation of the quantum world. This discreteness was the fundamental shortcoming of design that Dr. Maiman introduced in the first laser which I believe caused a lot of animosity among scientist and in the whole industry. When one reads Theodores’ Book; “The Laser Odysey” one gets “the excitement, of course, but also a ripple of sour grapes.” (p. 148). There is a general lack of wisdom in the scientific community because there is very little discernment between the Visual and the verbal or between the continuous and the discrete. What is the difference between that visual sense that one gets when one is in the living presence of something in contrast to just talking or reading about something with the verbal sense? Science can no longer afford to be only about what is useful; it needs to also be responsible about what is truthful and good. It is now imperative that we follow up with a Continuous Wave Ruby Laser that is applied holographically to our visual sense of perception! In this way we will be able to offset the discrete distortion.
The NIF target chamber (6350DP_97). Inside the NIF Laser Bays substantial progress is being made. Both Laser Bays have recently been certified for clean room protocols and vessel setting steel framework fabrication and installation of beam path infrastructure has begun. Once again we can see that the high-energy-density regimes accessible though NIF experiments will yield new insight into the origin of our universe… The primary mission of the NIF is to demonstrate fusion ignition--the combining or "fusing" of two light nuclei to form a new nucleus. The NIFs powerful array of 192 lasers will start the fusion process. Scientists will fire NIFs 192 laser beams at a tiny fuel capsule, compressing it to a small fraction of its original size and heating a portion of it to 100,000,000 degrees. Under these conditions, the fusion reaction will ignite and more energy will be produced than was delivered in the laser beams. NIF experiments will produce conditions of high energy and density similar to those found at the center of the Sun (and other stars).
NIF experiments will create sample plasmas similar to those found in astronomical bodies and will provide a laboratory environment for the study of various plasma properties. Plasma physics is the scientific investigation of the plasmas, the predominant state of matter in our universe. The NIF will advance our understanding of plasmas and their properties, and will allow a wide range of quantitative experiments with plasmas... The creation of and interaction with plasmas by high-energy lasers has a long history. The study of plasma physics has been stimulated over the past four decades by its close connection with the goal of creating fusion as an energy source and with astrophysical plasmas of various types. That is, because the luminous matter in the universe is composed almost entirely of plasma, the scientific investigation of plasma is of the utmost importance... The coupling of high-intensity laser light to plasmas has been the subject of experimental investigations for many years. These experiments have focused on measuring a broad range of phenomena such as resonance and collisional absorption, filamentation, density profile and particle distribution modification, and the growth and saturation of various parametric instabilities. These phenomena depend on both the properties of the laser (intensity, wavelength, pulse length coherence, etc.) and the composition of the plasma. (NIF Science Mission). .
Science@Livermore
Contact: Arnie Heller
Phone: (925) 423-3105
E-mail: heller1@llnl.gov
From Science & Technology Review
September, 2005
SF-05-09-03
In many respects, Lawrence Livermore’s national security and energy missions are part of – and a tribute to – Albert Einstein’s legacy. A number of Livermore research projects are linked to a three-page paper written by Einstein in September 1905. This short paper, which contained no footnotes or references, turned physics upside down by linking mass and energy in a way never before postulated.
Published in the German journal Annalen der Physik, the paper was entitled, “Does the Inertia of a Body Depend on Its Energy Content?” It was a supplement to Einstein’s work on special relativity that appeared in the same physics journal earlier that year. The text begins: “The results of an electrodynamics investigation recently published by me in this journal lead to a very interesting conclusion, which will be derived here.”
The paper applied the special theory of relativity to light being emitted from a stationary object. Einstein concluded that if a body emits an amount of energy, E, in the form of radiation, then its mass, m, must be reduced by the amount E/c, where c is the speed of light. This reasoning led to the equation E=mc, probably the most famous equation in the world. E=mc does not appear explicitly in the 1905 paper; however, it does appear in Einstein’s later work in 1906 and 1907.
Because the speed of light is a very large number – 299,792,458 meters per second – and is multiplied by itself, a small amount of matter is equivalent to an enormous amount of energy. For example, a kilogram of mass converts to 21 million tons of TNT energy.
Einstein did not expect his result to be easily confirmed because it would have been too difficult to measure the small amounts of mass converted in the radiation emissions that were experimentally accessible at the time. He concluded his paper by conjecturing that radioactive materials, such as radium salts, might provide a means to test the theory.
Full confirmation of the equation did not occur until the 1930s, following elucidation of the structure of the nucleus as an assemblage of neutrons and protons. In 1932, James Chadwick discovered the neutron. That same year, John Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton bombarded a lithium nucleus with a proton and produced a nuclear reaction. The experiment demonstrated the accuracy of Einstein’s equation by showing that a small amount of mass could be converted into energy. One year later, Irne and Frdric Joliot-Curie demonstrated the reverse process, when they took a photograph showing the conversion of energy into subatomic particles.
Over time, scientists grew to realize that huge amounts of energy could be liberated in nuclear reactions, such as those that occur in the Sun and stars. (See “Tapping the Potential of the Nucleus” below). For example, the Sun fuses hydrogen nuclei (protons) into helium nuclei (containing two protons and two neutrons each), a process called fusion that goes on for billions of years. The masses of the protons at the start of a fusion event are slightly heavier than the mass of the helium nucleus at the end of the process: the missing mass is converted to energy. For stars more massive than the Sun, the carbon–nitrogen–oxygen cycle is the primary vehicle for fusing hydrogen nuclei into helium nuclei.
Today, in a nuclear reactor, a heavy element, such as uranium, is split into two lighter elements during a process called fission. Once again, the combined mass of the products is lighter than the original nucleus. The difference in mass is converted to energy, which is used for boiling water to drive turbines
Probing Subatomic Particles
E=mc – together with the development of quantum mechanics and advances in nuclear physics – spawned new kinds of experiments in which physicists bombard targets with high-energy subatomic particles. Sometimes the particle collisions lead to new particles. In this respect, turning energy into matter is a well-tested method of uncovering the substructure of the universe.
Tapping the Potential of the Nucleus
Nuclei with a small number of neutrons and protons have a low binding energy. As the number of neutrons and protons increases, the binding energy reaches a peak and then drops off. Uranium and plutonium nuclei are at the far right end of the plot. If they break into smaller nuclei (fission), the pieces become more bound. For very light nuclei such as hydrogen or helium, more nuclear binding energy can be obtained if the nuclei are forced together (fusion).
The neutrons and protons are kept stable in every atom’s nucleus by attractive nuclear forces. The relative stabilities of the nuclei of different elements are determined by their binding energies, that is, how much energy is required to remove a proton or neutron from the nucleus. If the binding energy of each nucleus is plotted as a function of the number of protons and neutrons it contains, a curve of binding energy is obtained.
As seen in the figure, nuclei with a small number of neutrons and protons have a low binding energy. Such nuclei are easier to break apart and are not as stable as nuclei with larger numbers of protons and neutrons. As the number of neutrons and protons increases, the binding energy reaches a peak and then drops off again. Nuclei at the peak are the most tightly bound and correspond to elements near iron in the periodic table. As neutrons and protons continue to be added, the nucleus becomes less tightly bound.
If uranium and plutonium nuclei, at the far right end of the plot, break into smaller nuclei, the pieces are harder to break apart. Thus, if a way can be found to break a uranium or plutonium nucleus, energy will be released. This process, known as fission, is typically started by trickling neutrons into such nuclei. The neutrons give these nuclei just enough energy to undergo fission. When such nuclei split, extra neutrons are given off. Under the right conditions, a self-sustaining set of reactions can occur in which more and more fissions occur. This process can either lead to a runaway reaction, as in a fission bomb, or can be kept at a steady state, as in a nuclear reactor.
If very light nuclei such as hydrogen or deuterium are forced together, in a process called fusion, the resulting nucleus is in a lower energy state, and the extra energy is given off as radiation or energetic neutrons. This fusion process is more difficult to achieve than fission because the electrical repulsion of the nuclei must be overcome to get the nuclei to fuse. In the center of the Sun and other stars, nuclei have the very high temperatures and densities required for thermonuclear fusion.
The high temperatures and densities required for fusion have been achieved on Earth for only very short periods of time in thermonuclear bombs and a few research machines such as fusion tokamaks and the Laboratory’s Nova laser, which operated from 1985 to 1995.
Controlled fusion for energy production is being attempted in two different ways: magnetic fusion and inertial confinement fusion. In magnetic fusion, intense magnetic fields confine low-density plasma at temperatures and densities needed for fusion. In inertial confinement fusion, lasers or accelerators compress extremely small pellets to the very high densities and temperatures needed for fusion.
It is interesting to compare the temperatures, densities, and confinement times of these approaches. Confinement time is the amount of time it takes for the energy in the plasma to be released. Magnetic confinement requires densities of only 10 -9 grams per cubic centimeter, temperatures of roughly 100 million kelvins, and a confinement time of several seconds. Inertial confinement requires densities of 1,000 grams per cubic centimeter, temperatures of about 100 million kelvins, and confinement times of 10 -11 seconds. The center of the Sun is calculated to reach densities of greater than 100 grams per cubic centimeter and temperatures of 16 million kelvins. Because of gravitational forces, the Sun’s confinement time is as long as the age of the Sun.
Using Lasers to Achieve Fusion
Another way to achieve controlled nuclear fusion is to implode BB-size capsules of frozen fusion fuel to the needed temperatures and densities using laser energy. This technique, called inertial confinement fusion, was pioneered at Livermore. Under the high densities involved in this concept, the fusion burn occurs in less than 100 trillionths of a second, and the inertia of the fuel itself provides the necessary confinement.
According to physicist John Lindl, former Livermore Director Johnny Foster appointed Ray Kidder to lead the Laboratory’s first small laser fusion program in 1962. Beginning in 1960, John Nuckolls, Stirling Colgate, Ron Zabawski, and other physicists used weapons design codes to calculate the indirect drive approach to igniting fusion micro explosions. It seems possible that giant lasers might someday be focused to compress and ignite a small quantity of deuterium–tritium fuel for weapons applications. The challenge of inertial fusion is that laser heating alone is not enough to generate net energy, even with lasers as large as 1 megajoule. To achieve energy gain, the laser also must compress the fuel to 1,000 or more times its liquid density.
“Compression is the key issue,” says Lindl. “If we could compress the fuel to a high enough density while heating a small fraction of it to the temperatures required for fusion, we could achieve ignition and significant gain with a reasonable-size laser.” The ignition pellets being designed for the National Ignition Facility (NIF), which is undergoing final assembly in Livermore, will be compressed to a density and temperature about 10 times those that exist in the center of the Sun.
In 1972, Livermore’s laser fusion efforts expanded with the formation of the Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) Program. Its goal was to demonstrate fusion in the laboratory and to develop laser science and technology for both defense and civilian applications. Experiments were carried out on a succession of increasingly sophisticated lasers – Janus, Cyclops, Argus, Shiva, and Nova. “We continually bootstrapped our capabilities and knowledge,” says Lindl.
With Nova, researchers made good progress on laser fusion codes, diagnostics, and target design and fabrication. Livermore’s laser fusion research also took advantage of underground experiments conducted at the Nevada Test Site (NTS). The data from Nova and NTS experiments guided scientists in planning NIF.
As part of Livermore’s NIF Programs Directorate, the current ICF Program advances design, fabrication, target experiments, and fusion target theory. The Laser Science and Technology Program advances the required laser and optical science and technology both for NIF and for future lasers that might be suitable for fusion energy applications. Much of this research supports DOE’s Stockpile Stewardship Program to maintain the U.S. nuclear deterrent. Another goal is exploring ICF as a clean and inexhaustible source for commercial electric-power production.
In 2004, NIF’s Early Light experiments met the first milestone of Livermore’s ICF Program. Ultraviolet light from NIF’s first quad of lasers was aimed at gas-filled targets. The tests showed good agreement between calculations and the observed beam propagated through the target. “These experiments were very successful,” says Lindl.
Nuclear Weapons a Popular Icon
Einstein was sometimes – and unfairly – called the “father of the atomic bomb.” He did not foresee the release of enormous amounts of destructive energy by bombarding the nuclei of atoms. However, building on the many advances in nuclear physics that occurred after the E=mc paper, Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman discovered nuclear fission in uranium in 1939. Later that year, Leo Szilard conceived a way to use fission in a self-sustaining chain reactor.
Aware of the progress that had been made splitting uranium atoms, Szilard and other scientists feared that Germany might be working on an atomic bomb. In late July 1939, Szilard visited Einstein to finalize the draft of a letter to warn President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the danger. Livermore Laboratory’s cofounder, Edward Teller, drove Szilard to Einstein’s summer cabin on Long Island and joined them in the meeting.
The Einstein letter to Roosevelt dated August 2, 1939, helped set in motion the Manhattan Project, the mammoth effort to build an atomic bomb. Einstein did not participate in the Manhattan Project, and, in 1946, he became chairman of the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists, whose goal was to place nuclear energy under international control.
The bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima had an explosive force equivalent to 15,000 tons of TNT. The Hiroshima bomb was a purely fission device, using the same nuclear process as occurs in nuclear reactors. In contrast, all current U.S. nuclear weapons rely on a mixture of fission and fusion for their explosive power.
In the current era of no underground nuclear testing, Livermore researchers participate in the nation’s Stockpile Stewardship Program, which uses, in part, advanced simulation technology. Visualization engines turn the data produced by supercomputers into images displayed on individual computer monitors, large-scale screens, or massive powerwalls, such as the one shown above. Simulations help scientists better understand how weapons materials age and how they perform under extreme conditions.
Bruce Goodwin, Livermore’s associate director for Defense and Nuclear Technologies, says most people’s immediate reaction to E=mc is the recollection of a photo or movie of an atmospheric nuclear detonation. “A nuclear weapon is the icon for E=mc because it presents the possibility of Armageddon,” he says. “However, the deployment of nuclear weapons among the world superpowers has led to a state of deterrence, which kept the Cold War cold.” Indeed, the number of deaths caused by war has dropped precipitously since 1945, when atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Goodwin points out that during the Cold War, the Soviets were rational adversaries. Although they enjoyed significant advantages in conventional armaments, particularly in the early stages of the Cold War, they knew that any attack would be met with NATO nuclear weapons, if necessary. “Nuclear weapons successfully prevented world-scale war while East and West were foes,” Goodwin says.
Although the possibility of a crisis that could lead to an Armageddon has been dramatically reduced, the danger of a single nuclear detonation by a terrorist group or rogue nation has increased. In addition to supporting stockpile stewardship, one of Livermore’s primary national security missions is to prevent nuclear weapons, materials, and know-how from reaching the wrong hands.
Many scientists, like Goodwin, argue that the world needs to move to a fusion economy. “Nuclear weapon designers have understood fusion for 50 years. The challenge is to harness that understanding for producing civilian energy.” He notes that NIF will be the first laboratory to have controlled nuclear fusion, a critical step toward clean and abundant energy. In that light, E=mc, Goodwin says, offers to transform life on Earth because of the prospect of abundant clean energy.
FAST SPACECRAFT DISCOVERS INVISIBLE AURORA: http://sunland.gsfc.nasa.gov/smex/fast/
An invisible aurora exists as a companion to the familiar visible aurora, also known as the aurora borealis, or northern lights, in the Northern Hemisphere and the aurora australis (southern lights) in the Southern Hemisphere. Researchers using NASAs Fast Auroral Snapshot (FAST) spacecraft established the presence of the invisible aurora by consistently detecting upward flows of electrons interspersed with the downward flowing electrons that produce the visible aurora. The discovery provides the first detailed picture of how the aurora and its inverted companion function together to complete a huge electric circuit in the magnetosphere, which is that region of space where electrically charged particles are controlled by the Earths intrinsic magnetic field. The spacecrafts passages through the electrified auroral regions also provide the best explanation yet as to how they turn the Earth into a giant radio transmitter capable of broadcasting billions of Watts of high frequency radio waves into space. The theory grants new insight into how natural radio emissions are generated throughout the solar system and the cosmos...
The controversial parallel electric fields are also directly linked to intense radio emission from the auroral regions, called Auroral Kilometric Radiation, according to new observations from FAST. The parallel electric fields power a process that generates the radio emission, called the Electron Cyclotron Maser, which is like a natural laser except at radio frequencies. This powerful radio emission, generally at several hundred kilohertz to a few megahertz, is not detected on the ground because it is blocked by the Earths upper atmosphere (ionosphere). Several decades of observations by other spacecraft, as well as from radio telescopes, have detected similar emissions emanating from other planets such as Jupiter and Saturn, as well as from electrically charged gas (plasma) throughout the Universe.
sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/fast/ scienceprod/nuggets/akr/AKR_press_1.pdf
According to George Gilder "Einsteins vision of stimulated light differentiates it clearly from all other light we see... The above picture is an example of how Einsteins law of Stimulated Emission Radiation "works in nature in the phenomena known as the aurora borealis or Northern Lights, which in effect are a vast oxygen laser, excited by unusually intense discharges from the sun. Stimulated, coherent light defies the forces of entropy and equilibrium that tend to pull atoms to their lowest available energy state. The opposite of lasing is laziness--the principle of least action--a fundamental law of nature discovered by the nineteenth-century Irish physicist William Hamilton. As Hamilton noticed, most particles, most of the time, are inert. To stimulate light, by contrast, you must pump up the crowds--pump up electrons into an excited state faster than they tumble to ground, and then watch the transcendent light pour forth into the telecosm. (Telecosm, How Infinite Bandwidth Will Revolutionize Our World by George Gilder p.22-23).
The revelation of the coherent generation of waves on the geomagnetic fields via the FAST satellite coupled to the new optical links between satellites using lasers and the all-optical laser internet will give mankind full access to the new coherent universe.
The optical data link test between the Artemis satellite and the SPOT-4 satellite required microradian precision, as the satellites were 30,000 km apart, traveling at a relative speed of 7 km/s.
For the first time, an optical data link between satellites orbiting Earth was established in November 2001 using a laser beam as a signal carrier. The satellites were able to transmit images from space to the ground in real time, promising much more timely delivery of data in the future.
Built in Europe by a consortium of companies for launch from the European launch base in Kourou, French Guiana, Artemis is a satellite for testing and operating new telecommunications services. Its dual purpose is to demonstrate affordable, wide-coverage mobile communications satellite services, and to test direct satellite-to-satellite communications, including this revolutionary laser link.
Laser Focus World January, 2002
Author(s) : Valerie Coffey
Laser beams message between satellites
17:53 09 December 2005
NewScientist.com news service
Maggie McKee
Enlarge image
This artists impression shows the ARTEMIS satellite using a laser link to communicate with another satellite (Image: ESA)
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JAXA
Two satellites have become the first to exchange information from different orbits using a laser. The feat may lead to super-fast data-relay systems between spacecraft.
The laser link took place on Friday between two satellites designed to test communications technologies.
One, a Japanese mission called Kirari (Optical Inter-orbit Communications Engineering Test Satellite), flies at an altitude of 610 kilometres, in low-Earth orbit. The other, a European satellite called ARTEMIS (Advanced Relay and Technology Mission), soars 36,000 kilometres above Earth in geostationary orbit.
Pointing and maintaining a laser connection between the two satellites is difficult because they can be as much as 45,000 kilometres apart and are moving at a relative speed of several kilometres per second.
Eye of a needle
The achievement is like "hitting the eye of a needle placed on top of Mount Fuji from Tokyo Station", says a statement from Japans Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). Watch a video about Kirari here.
Researchers hope to exploit lasers for communication because they operate at higher frequencies than traditional radio transmitters, and can therefore transmit more information in a set time.
JAXA says the test may pave the way for environmental-observation satellites in low-Earth orbit to send data efficiently to a satellite in geostationary orbit that could act as a communications router that is always in contact with its ground station.
Kirari, which carries an instrument to measure how small vibrations on the spacecraft affect the satellites ability to direct its laser, was launched on 24 August 2005. ARTEMIS began taking data in 2003, after its ion propulsion unit boosted it from the incorrect orbit it had been placed in after it launched in 2001.
George Gilder, in his book “Telecosm”, discusses the New Lambdasphere, the global laser and fiber-optic network across which all data and information is currently being delivered. He believes that the 7-layer networking protocol of today will collapse into just the physical laser transport layer. Laser light will be the source of all information transfer using technologies such as Wave Division Multiplexing and non-linear optical chips. The LaserEnlightened vision postulates that Microvisions Retinal Laser Display has the potential to replace the most pervasive display device of today - the computer monitor. We believe that methods will be developed to connect directly to the essence of the Lambdasphere, processing the coherent light directly into the brain. Microvisions RLD is the new device on the edge of the network that gives us a direct connection to the “Coherent Global Brain,” which is the internet. The purification of our vision coupled to this cognitive enhancement via the RLD will empower us to understand Einstein’s LaserEnlightened Vision.
Free-Space Optics (FSO) is a line-of-sight technology that uses lasers to provide optical bandwidth connections. Currently, FSO is capable of up to 2.5 Gbps (Giga bites per second) of data, voice and video communications through the air, allowing optical connectivity without requiring fiber-optic cable or securing spectrum licenses. FSO requires light, which can be focused by using either light emitting diodes (LEDs) or lasers (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). The use of lasers is a simple concept similar to optical transmissions using fiber-optic cables; the only difference is the medium. Light travels through air faster than it does through glass, so it is fair to classify FSO as optical communications at the speed of light. (freespaceoptics.org)
TeraBeam Inc. a producer of Free Space Optics "consummates--according to Gilder--the telecosm, extending the magic of lightwave communications to the wireless domain. Moving all the way up Maxwells rainbow to the edge of the domains of visible light, Terabeams terabits are on their way toward a location near you. An ingenious new point-multipoint technology that can serve many users at once from one antenna, it closes the last mile gap between the wavelength division multiplexed floods of fiber and your computers. (Telecosm, How Infinite Bandwidth Will Revolutionize Our World p.232 (September 2000)…
“Creating end-to-end connections, the network would link the world over myriad colors of light in much the way that the voice network connected billions of customers over analogue carriers on myriad copper wires. First introduced to me in the late 80s by Will Hicks, the co-inventor (with Elias Snitzer) of the single mode fiber, the concept of the lambda based network—with every terminal eventually bearing a wavelength address—provided an ultimate standard by which to gauge progress in the industry. For most of the decade, however, this vision remained in the shadows of an awesome campaign by the fiber optics industry for expanded bandwidth, measured first in megabits, then gigabits, and now in terabits per second, first over tens, then over hundreds, then over thousands of kilometers. Focusing on point-to-point connections, mostly in the backbone trunks of the system, this drive has succeeded beyond all expectations. As I have often pointed out, the industry now knows how to put not terabits but petabits (ten to the 15th or thousands of millions of millions of bits per second) on a single fiber. This capacity per second is close to the total Internet traffic per month in recent years (some estimates show a petabyte per month in 1999). (GTR 12/2000/Vol.V No 12)… Imagine gazing at the web from far in space. To you, through your spectroscope, mapping the mazes of electromagnetism in its path, the web appears as a global efflorescence, a resonant sphere of light. It is the physical expression of the converging telecosm, the radiant chrysalis from which will spring a new global economy. (Telecosm, p256).
“The all-optical network and its increasingly broadband wireless tentacles are not two or four or ten times as good as the electronic long distance and analog cellular networks they are replacing. Collectively, they are millions of times as powerful. And Raymond Kurzweils Law of Time and Chaos tells us these trends will only accelerate. Indeed, as we visit the new stars of the telecosmic firmament, we are finding that this is increasingly true. The rate of change is speeding up… “Even as optical opportunities break out all over the global network, Avanex sage Simon Cao, along with your Gilder Technology Report (GTR) analysts, stand almost alone in their vision of a hyper-rainbow of photons transforming the fiber sphere—where the physical layer is the fiber itself—into the lambdasphere where the physical layer consists of myriad "colors" of light. Known to physicists as lambdas, these wavelength colors can each bear more information than the entire telephone network of a few decades ago. But more important to Simon Cao and the GTR, these lightwaves can soon multiply into the millions and provide a cornucopia of connections. Connectivity by color rather than by numerical address can bring broadband links to the entire Internet.”
Global Crossings worldwide network can provide you the telecommunication solution to meet your needs. Our integrated, global IP-based network was designed for the convergence of voice, video and data, and delivers services to the top commercial centers around the planet. We have over 100,000 route miles of optical cable around the world. No other infrastructure even comes close. Our backbone network is constructed with the latest dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) technology. That means easy expandability into the photonic future. http://www.globalcrossing.com/xml/index.xml
Quantum computing is now being applied to a major problem that needs to be overcome at the physical layer. The binary logic of 0 and 1 is the fundamental protocol that sets the standard for all communications through that medium. First of all we must realize that the binary system is a discrete structure signifying that it is discontinuous in space-time. The on and off voltages in the logic gates design obey the incoherent light source. This is the fundamental reason why lasers although coherent, continuous and directed have to be pulsed on and of through the communication medium. I firmly believe that with the advent of spintronics (coherent electron spin states in semiconductors) and its coherent quantum logic, the discrete binary logic gates at the physical layer will be eliminated.
The original inventors of the internet at the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) are now recreating the physical infrastructure of the internet with the new science of spintronics. "All conventional electronics are based on the charge degree of freedom of the electron — both the numbers of charges and their energies. This program will exploit the spin degree of freedom of the electron to create revolutionary electronic devices that have the potential to be very fast at very low power. There are several aspects to this program. The first component seeks to utilize the spin degree of freedom to enhance existing devices. For example, spin transistors, spin light emitting diodes (LEDs), and spin lasers are expected to have better performance then their non-spin counterparts. The second part of this program will exploit a recently discovered coherent spin state to produce opto-electronic devices such as switches, modulators, encoders, and decoders that will operate at very high speed (again at very low power). The final component of this program will be to develop prototype quantum information processing arrays that utilize the two-level spin system for the "bits" of information ("qubits"). These quantum computers and quantum networks using qubits can perform a variety of functions far more efficiently than conventional systems based on Boolean operations (ones and zeros). Stuart A. Wolf, Ph.D. @ DARPA
With lasers in command of the physical and application in the 7-layer networking protocol, the day is quickly approaching when the universal visual language of lasers will emerge as the only protocol necessary for all communication. Laser light will be the universal source of all information transfer ultimately converging on our LaserEyes via Microvisions retinal laser Display and Microsoft software. All these findings confirmed Gilder’s prediction that the 7-Layer model will be reduced to the physical layer that is the New Lambdasphere
THE ISO STANDARD MODEL FOR COMMUNICATIONS: OSI
Microsoft Windows 2000 and later operating systems use a network architecture based on the seven-layer networking model developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO). Introduced in 1978, the ISO Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference model describes networking as: "a series of protocol layers with a specific set of functions allocated to each layer. Each layer offers specific services to higher layers while shielding these layers from the details of how the services are implemented. A well-defined interface between each pair of adjacent layers defines the services offered by the lower layer to the higher one and how those services are accessed."
In Windows 2000 and later versions of the operating system, network drivers implement the bottom four layers of the OSI Reference Model:
Physical Layer
This is the lowest layer of the OSI model. This layer is involves the reception and transmission of the unstructured raw bit stream over a physical medium. It describes the electrical/optical, mechanical, and functional interfaces to the physical medium. The physical layer carries the signals for all the higher layers. Under Windows 2000 and later versions, the physical layer is implemented by the network interface card (NIC), its transceiver, and the medium to which the NIC is attached. For network components that use serial ports, the physical layer can also include low-level network software that defines how the serial stream of bits is divided into packets of data.
Data Link Layer
This OSI layer is further divided by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) into two sublayers: LLC and MAC. The LLC sublayer provides error-free transfer of data frames from one node to another. The LLC sublayer establishes and terminates logical links, controls frame flow, sequences frames, acknowledges frames, and retransmits unacknowledged frames. The LLC sublayer uses frame acknowledgement and retransmission to provide virtually error-free transmission over the link to the layers above. The MAC sublayer manages access to the network media, checks frame errors, and manages address recognition of received frames. In the network architecture used by Windows 2000 and later versions of the operating system, the Logical Link Control sublayer is implemented in the transport driver, while the Media Access Control sublayer is implemented in the network interface card (NIC). The NIC is controlled by a software device driver called the NIC driver. Windows 2000 and later versions of the operating system ship with NIC drivers for a number of popular NICs.
Network Layer
This layer controls the operation of the subnet. It determines the physical path the data should take, based on the following:
network conditions
priority of service
other factors, including routing, traffic control, frame fragmentation and reassembly, logical-to-physical address mapping, and usage accounting
Transport Layer
This layer ensures that messages are delivered error-free, in sequence, and with no loss or duplication. It relieves the higher-layer protocols from any concern with the transfer of data between them and their peers. A minimal Transport Layer is required in protocol stacks that include a reliable Network or Logical Link Control sublayer that provides virtual circuit capability. For example, because the NetBEUI transport driver for Windows 2000 and later versions includes an OSI-compliant LLC sublayer, its Transport Layer functions are minimal. If the protocol stack does not include an LLC sublayer, and if the Network Layer is unreliable and/or supports datagrams (as with TCP/IPs IP layer or NWLinks IPX layer), the Transport Layer should include frame sequencing and acknowledgment, as well as retransmission of unacknowledged frames.
In the network architecture used in Windows 2000 and later versions of the operating system, the Logical Link Control, Network, and Transport layers are implemented by software drivers known as transport drivers, which are sometimes referred to as protocols, protocol drivers, or protocol modules. Windows 2000 and later versions ship with TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NetBEUI, and AppleTalk transport drivers.
My LaserEnlightened intuition also led me to the discovery of the Pangolin Laser Designer software and hardware. Pangolin is perhaps the most powerful Laser program on both the internet and the world wide web because it is coherently grounded on both the application and physical Layer. Why is this LaserDesigner the best laser software? Because it is a complete system for display production from start to finish. It creates amazing 3D graphics and stunning beam effects like those seen in laser show companies, theme parks, planetariums, and nightclubs. Laser Designer is the all-in-one solution. It is so comprehensive that by using a portable computer, your entire laser production system - including synchronized music and on-screen previews - can fit into a single bag.
LaserShow Designer is a laser-computer controlled by an integrated group of sophisticated programs running
And LaserDesigner handles all four major types of frames:
American-style point (digitizing tablet) drawings
European-style vector (CAD) drawings
Classic planetarium abstracts
TV-type photorealistic rasters
The “secret” to LD2000’s power is its hardware board. Every LD2000 system comes with a Pangolin-manufactured QM2000 board for your PC. The QM2000 is a self-contained computer with its own microprocessor, memory and projector control outputs. The board gets commands from the LD2000 and Showtime programs. When displaying a frame, or playing a show, the board does this completely on its own, without relying on the host PC. This advanced technology means more reliable shows. In fact, the host PC could even be rebooted during the show, and LD2000 will keep on playing.
The QM2000 has its own microprocessor, the Motorola ColdFire, and its own on-board memory. In fact, it is so sophisticated, the host PC computer is used primarily for hard drive storage. The QM2000 can even work outside of a PC, as a standalone computer (such as in the Lasershow Player CD-ROM playback device.) For its advanced features, the QM2000 board was awarded the 2000 International Laser Display Association Technology Achievement Award. Pangolins William R. Benner Jr., designer of the QM2000, is an expert on the Motorola ColdFire. In fact, the ColdFire Applications Team has published his 20-page application note, in order to help other designers using ColdFire processors. As the application note states, "A special note of appreciation goes to William Benner, Jr. of Pangolin Laser Systems, the primary author of this application note. Mr. Benner is gracious enough to allow Motorola to share his experience and knowledge with other customers."
Another reason top companies select Lasershow Designer is because it has an open architecture. If they need specialized features, or if they develop a custom product, they can use Visual Basic or C to control LD. The Lasershow Designer system is chosen for the world’s best shows because of its hardware and software sophistication.
For example, one of the largest laser shows in history featured 400 watts of laser power from 16 projectors in Moscow’s Lushniki Stadium. Pangolin developed a network so a single operator could run different show material on every projector, using 16 computers equipped with LD. The show producer chose LD specifically because no other system had this much control.
The power of the Pangolin Laser Show Designer is clearly illustrated at the Rose Center for Earth and Space in New York City. Einstein’s laser cosmology and scientific vision is now accessible in virtual reality and in real-time to the public thanks in part to this application of our laser intelligence. Because the Rose Center maps our position in the cosmos with a “fiber optic sky” illuminated by the “Omniscan all-dome laser” it shows the radiant destination that mankind is being prepared to access at present. This New Lambdasphere is now accessible via the Internet. “The fiber network uses 96 multimode fibers and 48 single-mode fibers to connect the supercomputer to the Space Theater control console. The electrician/installers received special training from the cable manufacturer to assure low loss splices and connections.”
[65]
The AVI’s Omniscan, the world’s first 360 degree, full-dome planetarium laser projector. It uses custom software to control the laser, lens, and effects — and to control the LD system used for all graphics and beams. This is the laser projector used at the Cosmic Cathedral (The Rose Center For Earth And Space or the New Hayden Planetarium in NYC). .
Omniscan is the first and only full dome, laser projection system specifically designed to create full color, dynamic astronomical effects. Used in conjunction with to augment planetarium star projectors, Omniscan provides high-resolution vector graphic imagery to cover the entire 360 degree x 180 degree planetarium dome surface.
The Laser Designer’s ability to Display the Radiant light in its coherent, continuous and directed sense is to me it’s most powerful function. The ultimate development of this technology can potentially transform the whole software industry. The visual idea of Laser intelligence in this software/hardware program brings to life the radiant notation that are the basis for the emergence of a universal visual language of lasers on the internet via its multimedia outlet, the World Wide Web. Part 4: LaserEnlightened Home installs JDSU’S Photonics Powerline Network into the HTI Syste
4.1: The Visual Culture of the LaserEnlightened Home
Bill and Melinda Gates 48,000 square ft. Home in Seattle Washington, USA. Pool building | Exercise facilites | Library | Grand staircase | Theater | Formal dining room | Offices | Reception hall | Multi-purpose room | Guest house | Underground garage | Gatehouse | Boathouse | Activities building | Estuary Basic data | Construction features. Gates $97 Million Dollar house has 52 miles of fiber optic cables, so if according to Scientific American a 100 Million Dollar Laser of 1995 is now $1 Million, it is then reasonable to estimate that we can now get Gate’s fiber optic equivalent power for 1% of the cost.
Einstein’s LaserEnlightened Vision in the 21st century is finally coming to every home on the planet thanks to the continuum of the New Lambdasphere entitled Fiber To The Home (FTTH) and Fiber In The Home (FITH) with the photonics powerline home network. Through this fiber optic life extension, the laser intelligence of the global network will now be installed in every home. Just as electricity illuminates every home, laser light will convert every household into a smart home. The coherent cosmic light will empower the homeowner to take full command not only of all the systems (power, water, heater, computer network, the radio, TV spectrum and security) and appliances in the house; it will immerse him or her in the visual education mode. Through this mode the Einsteinian visual thinker will emerge as the prototype of a new visual knowledge society, a post-literate society that will liberate humanity from the cognitive entrapment of a verbal culture run amuck. The ultimate product of this emergent visual culture will be the establishment of the Einsteinian model of the visual thinker who will produce in turn a higher quality human being that will take full responsibility for and steer our planet towards greater accomplishments in health, wealth and wisdom.
To visually display the complex simulations created by LLNLs supercomputers, researchers utilize multi-projector video systems that are typically both physically large as well as very high in resolution. Powerwalls, which require specialized software to display their visualizations, are used for demonstrations at high-level reviews, press conferences, and visits.[66]
The broadband capability of the fiber optic cable will bring the visual education process to every room in a home because of the interactive nature of the new displays (rear projection laser TV, plasma TV, high definition TV). These displays will no longer serve only as passive entertainment devices but will be interactive windows through which we will participate in the new Lambdasphere. The visual organ of knowledge will be fully activated and directed to the fruition of all human endeavors. Through these life-size displays we will live in an augmented reality that will enable us to see in real time what the Hubble telescope sees in the macroscopic universe as well as what the most powerful microscopes are seeing at nanoscales. We will remotely interact with and see everybody as if we were there because we are there; time and space have now been conquered. The integration of the television and the telephone on the internet (IPTV and VoIP), now called the triple play (video, audio and data) enables us to fully develop our experience of the coherent world with telepresence. This universal extension of our presence on the New Lambdasphere gives us a new awareness of our being. Telepresence enables every family to participate in the mission of injecting and programming the universe with our laser intelligence.
92InchesOfWindows in widescreen. BillGates invades the Home Theater. (http://www.marky.com/hometheater/).
Just as the brain serves as the central command center for all our bodily functions so will the Microvsion retinal laser display serve as the central command center for our LaserEnlightened Homes. In 2005, “Microvision announced that it filed for patent protection relating to a novel display system architecture that would use an array of low-cost LEDs to enable very high resolution displays with extremely wide fields of view. Field of view is the term used to describe the apparent size of the virtual image created by a near-eye display. According to Microvision, consumer electronics companies are interested in wearable displays that can simulate the "immersive" viewing experience of a movie theater or a very large - 80 to 100 inch - high resolution television. Such systems have to be both practical in size and affordable in order to appeal to the mass market… Consumer electronics companies are interested in wearable display systems for portable media of all kinds. Such systems could be used to watch films, access the Internet, or play computer games in 2D or 3D with the immersive feeling of a big-screen cinema or a really large television.”[67] This LED is the low cost and low performance version of the superior Retinal Laser Display (Spectrum) version that I recommend.
"Microvisions IPM (integrated photonics module)display platform is unique in many respects. It is expected to yield the ultimate solution -- a large image in a small package," said Alexander Tokman, Microvision CEO. "Unlike most matrix-display technologies, such as a LCD or DLP, we modulate laser light temporally and spatially using a single tiny vibrating silicon mirror to produce an image. The inherent advantages of this display platform include spectacular image quality, small form factor and low power. For example, because PicoP (miniature projection display) is using a collimated beam of laser light to produce a full-color, high resolution and contrast image it exhibits an "infinite" depth of focus. As a result, this product will not require a projection lens which further reduces its form factor and cost. The overall package can be very compact and driven by low power. A small form factor balanced with low power requirements is essential to portable handset manufacturers to enable personal projection applications.
"Microvisions IPM display platform is expected to support a variety of large market opportunities in addition to personal projection displays, including wearable displays for military, industrial, and consumer applications as well as automotive head-up displays," concluded Tokman.
The wireless Microvision display and its Complete wearable computer can now be coupled to the fiber optic broadband wiring known as Fiber Distributed Data Interfaces or FDDI, creating a laser extension for our central and autonomous nervous system in our homes. With this laser and fiber based configuration a high order structural organization of the home emerges. The coherent and connected structure of lasers in ultra pure glass crystal will now inform our homes with the idea of Home Technology Integration (HTI). This idea of programming, connecting and automating all the major components (computer network, power, light, water, Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning or HVAC, security and entertainment) of a home is the natural-techno evolutionary result of the universal penetration of our laser intelligence. Through it we can we can coordinate all the activities within our homes and infuse it with our laser intelligence.
A comprehensive starter curriculum for Home Technology Integrators was developed by the Internet Home Alliance.[68] The intellectual capital resources that are now being invested to develop the smart home space are truly staggering. It is now high times for the smart home owner. Verizon alone invested 22 billion in its Fiber Optics To The Home (FTTH) project called FiOS.[69] And now structured wiring companies are “future proofing” homes with Fiber Optics In The Home (FITH). How this new infrastructure is connected to the New Lambdasphere and what it means for the family is essentially what this whole book is about. The laser Intelligence of Kids will fully actualize because of the resonance embedded in the infrastructure of our being. Baby Einstein’s will no longer be a wish or chimera but a reality, thanks to the Imagineering laboratory of the internet. Universal access to human knowledge through global libraries, schools and the universe at large will free us from all monopolistic educational traditions.
“The main benefits of HTI—according to Quentin Wells—are simple: it makes the user’s life more convenient, safer, and more fun. It provides maximum use and enjoyment of electronic media, internet, and telecommunication systems. HTI makes technology available where and when the user wants it. Automated systems that function on demand or by programmed direction to meet predetermined needs in a timely manner often become essential services rather than mere conveniences. Similarly, HTI’s ability to make communication and data sharing easy to use throughout a home enables users to make maximum use of technology to save time while accomplishing more. When that increased productivity is utilized in a home business setting, the payoff occurs not only in time efficiency, but in increased profitability. When technology extends the senses and physical abilities of the physically challenged, while at the same time monitoring their safety and health, it becomes a critical, life-enhancing, if not life-saving necessity.” [70]
“The key to home automation, or home technology integration, is making diverse subsystems work together seamlessly… The infrastructure can be classified under one of these six categories: structured wiring, structured media center (SMC), control processor, user interface, home portal, or residential gateway… Home portal. (Right Figure) Many homeowners who are comfortable with the Web are eager to control their home systems through their personal computers Web browser. Integrated home automation systems can provide a Web browser interface through the use of a residential portal, which takes the command structures of the automation systems and translates them into control codes that can be understood by a browser. To set up the home portal for your customers, you need to install a Web browser and portal software on their PC. The Figure shows an example of a simple home portal with icons.”[71]Through this home portal on the Microvision display the home owner will have complete access and control of all the subsystems on the photonic powerline home network.
It is now very clear that Microvision technology and Microsoft software applied to HTI has emerged as a powerful platform for the realization of Einstein’s LaserEnlightened Vision. Now visual education through this platform will help us unlock the knowledge assets that reside inside the brain of an informed homeowner. And through it the visually informed homeowner will liberate his imagination. This new found competence will in turn develop the visual culture and establish it as our primary source of intelligence and wisdom. In essence what the HTI system enables is a new visual culture that empowers the homeowner to take full command of his personal space. Through HTI, the homeowner appropriates the creative powers of the Visual Programmer we encountered in the Introduction. Thanks to this competence we are now able to inject our laser-spatial or visual intelligence directly into our home space.
The visual culture that is emerging is also creating a new generation of creative talent that will re-create our entertainment and business world. BusinessWeek (a weekly business journal owned by the McGraw Hill Publishers) said there are a million Spielgsburg in production right now thanks to the personal video studio that was made possible by the video cam corder, professional video editing software and the internet. The video game industry will increasingly play a very important role in the visual education format once a great number of educators realize the great value of this medium. When video conferencing and teleclasses become as real as our classrooms and the universal visual language of lasers becomes formally available to all and a global standard in visual education is established all the verbal monopolies will finally fall.
4.2: The PetaWatt Laser Star and the Photonics Powerline Home Network
Another goal is exploring ICF (Inertial Confinement Fusion) as a clean and inexhaustible source for commercial electric-power production… NIF will be the first laboratory to have controlled nuclear fusion, a critical step toward clean and abundant energy. In that light, E=mc, Goodwin says, offers to transform life on Earth because of the prospect of abundant clean energy.
A very important reason in favor of the fiber optic infrastructure for the LaserEnlightened Home is the upcoming revolution in the power grid. In 2004 the U.S. Federal Communications Commission adopted rule changes that allow utility companies to provide broadband over powerlines, fostering greater competition among high-speed Internet providers. This grand opportunity for power companies will further stimulate the adoption of fiber optics in the energy sector, introducing what I call the quadruple play of services, broadband power, video, audio and data over the internet.
Plot of the parameter space occupied by various LLNL neodymium glass lasers used for inertial confinement fusion research. Both power (TeraWatts) and energy (Mega Joules of the lasers has increased exponentially since research began on them in the early 70s.[72]
As we witnessed in Part 3.4 the National Ignition Facility’s explicit goal is not only the investigation of the fusion plasma physics of the stars but more importantly its recreation. As of this writing 2/06 the NIF announced that its project has surpassed the expected performance criteria and is well on track to the production of unlimited Laser Light energy in the nuclear fusion reactor, providing the means for an era of limitless energy. “First Bundle Yields 152-kJ Output December 2005. Shots performed in early August 2005 with eight beams in the National Ignition Facility (NIF) achieved 136 kilojoules (kJ) of infrared laser light. This performance surpassed NIFs Main Laser Operational Qualification goal of 125 kJ for a “bundle” of eight beams. Later in August, NIFs first bundle outdid itself in a series of 10 shots that achieved 152.8 kJ using a 10-nanosecond, flat pulse. October 2004 marked the end of the NIF Early Light effort, during which 4 of an eventual 192 beamlines were installed and commissioned and 400 test shots were fired. By August 2005, the operational qualification of another quad of beamlines was complete, bringing the total of operational beamlines to 8.” [73]
NIFs arena-sized building houses 192 laser beams designed to deliver 1.8 million joules of ultraviolet laser energy and 500 terawatts of power to millimeter-sized targets located at the center of its 10-meter-diameter target chamber. The Injection Laser System creates a precisely shaped nanojoule-level laser pulse, which is amplified by a factor of more than 1,000,000 before entering the laser beampath. There, two stages of Laser Amplifiers again increase the laser energy, using the worlds largest optical switch to enable multi-pass amplification. Beam Transport components direct the beams through the laser beampath while adaptive optics eliminates wavefront aberrations and opto-mechanical components smoothing and filter the beams, retaining their specific spatial and temporal characteristics. Final Optics Assemblies convert the wavelength of the laser from near infrared to ultraviolet and precisely focus the beams to the target chamber center, for the purpose of creating extreme temperatures and pressures in high energy density experiments or for creating conditions necessary to achieve fusion ignition.”[74]
In the Foreword to a wonderful book titled: Fusion, The Energy of the Universe by Garry McCracken and Peter Stott, there is a very clear and precise summary of why laser fusion is the genuine source of power for our future civilization. “Fusion powers the stars and could in principle provide almost unlimited, environmentally benign, power on Earth. Harnessing fusion has proved to be a much greater scientific and technical challenge than originally hoped. In the early 1970s the Great Russian physicist Lev Andreevich Artsimovich wrote that, nevertheless, “thermonuclear [fusion] energy will be ready when mankind needs it,” It looks as if he was right and that that the time is approaching. This excellent book is therefore very timely.
The theoretical attractions of fusion energy are clear. The raw fuels of a fusion power plant would be water and lithium. The lithium in one laptop computer battery, together with half a bath of water, would generate 200.000 kWh of electricity—as much as 40 tons of coal. Furthermore, a fusion power plant would not produce any atmospheric pollution (greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide, etc.), thus meeting a requirement that is increasingly demanded by society.
The Joint European Torus (JET), at Culham in the United Kingdom, and the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR), at Princeton in the United States, have produced more than 10 MW (albeit for only a few seconds), showing that fusion can work in practice. The next step will be to construct a power-plant-size device called the international Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), which will produce 500 MW for up to 10 minutes, thereby confirming that it is possible to build a full-size fusion power plant. The development of fusion energy is a response to a global need, and it is expected that ITER will be built by a global collaboration.”[75] This global expectation of collaboration has finally consolidated in 2006 thanks to a global agreement between the USA, EUROPE, RUSSIA, CHINA and JAPAN, INDIA, KOREA. The global concentration of our laser intelligence on this project will make it a reality real quickly.,
ITER is an international tokamak (magnetic confinement fusion) experiment, planned to be built in France and designed to show the scientific and technological feasibility of a full-scale fusion power reactor. It builds upon research conducted on devices such as TFTR, JET, JT-60, and T-15, and will be considerably larger than any of them. The program is anticipated to last for 30 years—10 years for construction, and 20 years of operation—and cost approximately €10 billion ($12.1 billion). After many years of deliberation, the participants announced in June, 2005 that ITER will be built in Cadarache, France.
DEMO is a proposed experimental nuclear fusion reactor. It will build upon the research that is to be conducted by ITER,[76] only that it will be at the scale of a commercial reactor. It may or may not generate electricity for a public grid, depending on its success… 2005 – Following final negotiations between the EU and Japan, ITER chose Cadarache over Rokkasho for the site of the reactor. In concession, Japan was made the host site for a related materials research facility and was granted rights to fill 20% of the project’s research posts while providing 10% of the funding.[77]
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The Laser Megajoule project is a major component of the French simulation program to study nuclear fusion by inertial confinement. The future Laser Megajoule facility requires control-command systems that will operate in a harsh radiative environment. Commercial off-the-shelf optical fiber data links are envisaged as a radiation tolerant solution for this application. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/wrapper.jsp?arnumber=1546449. The Laser Megajoule will be the most powerful laser in the world, allowing fundamental research and the development of the lasers and plasmas technologies. This project, carried by the French Ministery of Defence, involves an investment of 2 billion euros. http://www-lmj.cea.fr/html/cea.htm In 2009, the 600 experiments programmed each year with the Laser Mgajoule will begin. The “Road of the lasers”, a major project of regional planning for the optical and lasers industries, will be born. Therefore, the area of Bordeaux will shelter the most important concentration of optical and laser experts in Europe. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux#Laser.
Power utilities are important players behind the scenes of the continent’s fiber grids. In fact, electric utilities and municipalities own about 5 to 10% of the fiber deployed in the U.S. and Canada. Almost every large investor-owned or government utility has extensive fiber networks. Even most small utilities with more than 10,000 customers have their own fiber networks. First, power utilities as a group historically have usually been phone companies’ biggest or second biggest customers. Second, power utilities are in a unique position to play an important and profitable part in the increasingly important telecommunications revolution. [78]
In parallel to the French Laser Megajoule project by 2009 the National Ignition Facility’s all 192 laser beamlines are expected to be ignited producing our own home grown coherent sun! And what is the best infrastructure for the global delivery of this awesome power? You guessed it, it is fiber optics. A growing number of power companies are already providing fiber optic services on a global scale. According to Fiber Planners the utility companies are in the best position to deliver this service because they already own most of the right of way and have universal connection to all homes. They also have the advantage of using one of the most powerful types of optical fibers available called optical ground wire or OPGW. Once ITER, NIF and the Laser Megajoule unleashes the clean cosmic laser unto the global optical fiber power grid we can envision a healthier greener planet. We can literally clean up the planet from all that fossil fuel pollution. And truly bring health, wealth and freedom to every Laser-Enlightened Home![79]t
The Petawatt laser achieved a focused power density approaching 1021 W/cm2 (almost a sextillion watts of energy concentrated on a square centimeter) and an energy density of 30 billion joules in a cubic centimeter-far exceeding the energy density inside stars.[80]
Livermores Petawatt laser operated for three years, until its last shot was fired on May 27, 1999. At full energy of about 680 joules, the shots delivered more than a quadrillion watts (or petawatt, which equals 1015 watts) of power, exceeding the entire electrical generating capacity of the U.S. by more than 1,200 times. But the Petawatts shots lasted for just a fleeting moment-less than a trillionth of a second, or 440 femtoseconds to be precise. The Petawatt laser was developed originally to test the fast ignition path to inertial confinement fusion in the ongoing attempt to ignite a pellet of hydrogen fuel and harness the energy that powers the sun. The power of the Petawatt also opened up entirely new physical regimes to study. Now scientists can use lasers, not just particle accelerators, to study high-energy-density physics and the fundamental properties of matter. They may also be able to recreate in the laboratory the energized plasmas around black holes and neutron stars for astrophysical research.
TABLETOP LASER fires terawatt pulses 10 times a second, striking a thin cloth in the foreground. The photograph is a triple exposure to accommodate the range of intensities. Focusing light with the power of 1,000 HOOVER DAMS (see http://www.sunsetcities.com/hoover-dam.html) onto a point the size of A CELL NUCLEUS accelerates electrons to the speed of light in a femtosecond. (Scientific American 2003). (Femto; a prefix representing 10-15, which is 0.000.000.000.000.001, or one-thousandth of a millionth of a millionth, a Quintillion. McGraw- Hill Dictionary of Scientific And Technical Terms).
History_of_laser_intensity.jpg (31KB, MIME type: image/jpeg). Graph showing history of maximum laser intensities (dictated by technological advancements). The label "CPA" stands for chirped pulse amplification.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:History_of_laser_intensity.jpg
Just like the NIF is generating laser star power (quadrillion watts of energy or Petawatts) at the Laurence Livermore Laboratory, the LaserEnlightened Homeowner can also generate the coherent cosmic power in his home space with a tabletop laser diode (Above).[81] By integrating this Petawatt laser with a fiber optic solution offered by JDS Uniphase (considered by Gilder to be the Intel of the Telecosm) the smart home owner can now create the photonic power line home network (PPHN). With the PPHN as the foundational infrastructure for home technology integration or the HTI system, the smart home owner will be capable of powering and connecting the entire home. It was JEFF HECHT (a contributing editor for the Laser Focus World) article of 1/06 that gave me the clearest expose of the state of the art.
Fig. 1
In photonic power delivery to a remote terminal, power from a high-power laser diode goes through one fiber to a photovoltaic power converter, which turns it into electricity to power the remote terminal. The terminal transmits digital data back through a separate fiber.
“Three key technical advances have changed the picture in recent years. The efficiency of photovoltaic conversion has increased as chip prices have decreased. Diode-laser power also has increased, with long-lived lasers now about to couple a watt or more of power into standard graded-index fiber with 50- or 62.5-m cores. And power-miserly electronics developed for consumer electronics allow engineers to do more with each milliwatt.
“A congruence of what used to be neat technology is becoming a darn good solution for [electrically] isolated power delivery and data transmission,” says Jan-Gustav Werthen, engineering director of the photonic power unit of JDS Uniphase (San Jose, CA), which last year acquired the company he founded, Photonic Power Systems.
JDSU’s photovoltaic cells can convert 40% to 50% of the incident light into electrical energy, significantly higher than the peak efficiency usually quoted for solar cells. One reason is that laser wavelengths are picked to match the peak response of the chip; solar-cell efficiency is typically measured across the usable solar spectrum. Most systems use silicon cells and lasers emitting up to 2 W at 830 15 nm, but 940-nm lasers can generate 5 W and their emission also falls in the peak response band of silicon. Fiber attenuation in that band limits power transmission to about a kilometer, but 1480-nm lasers can be used with long-wavelength photovoltaics to transmit power up to 10 km.
Another advantage of fiber delivery is that the efficiency of photovoltaic power converters increases with light intensity. Graded-index fibers can deliver a watt of power to a converter at a thousand times the intensity of unfocused sunlight.
Commercial power-conversion modules deliver 2 to 12 V, at standard voltages used by electronic systems. The modules are designed to minimize power requirements, and are compact enough to fit into ST or FC connector housings. JDSU also makes an optically powered data link, which sends power upstream through one fiber, and transmits data downstream from a sensor through a second fiber (see Fig. 1).
The current sensor at right is based on a photonic power converter and weighs less than 100 kg. It replaces the older sensor based on a fragile oil-filled high-voltage transformer at left that weighs 4000 kg. The horizontal stacks of rings are high-voltage insulators. Werthen says virtually the entire electric power industry has shifted to photonic power for measurements of direct current at the high voltages used for long-distance electric power transmission. These important measurements had required large and expensive transformers filled with oil or gas to isolate the sensor from ground potential. Fiber power delivery is simpler, easier to install, immune to lightning strikes and electromagnetic interference, and avoids transformer hazards such as oil spills and explosions.”
JDSU was running a simple demo of the power-over-fiber technology, which it gained through the acquisition of Photonic Power Systems. Laser light passes through a standard optical fiber (the green cable at the top of this image) onto a tiny solar cell where it is converted into electricity. In the demo unit shown here, the electricity is used to drive a motor.
[82] When the PPC is packaged with fiber, which connects to a high power laser source, it basically forms a power line, except the "power" is carried by light.
[83] Imagine our homes and our automobiles being powered by the purity of the fiber optic laser light!
What we are now witnessing with the photonic powerline home network is the emergence of a fiber optic cable that is capable of providing a quadruple play of services (broadband power, video, audio and data). This universal cable structure will unify and simplify the whole infrastructure of the LaserEnlightened Home. Through it the home technology integrator can configure any desired network topology and connect the smart home to the New Lambdasphere.
‘Appendix 4. According to Dr. Ben Bova Lasers may be the successful defense against "the ultimate weapon (ballistic missiles)." Military history entered a new era in the summer of 2000 when, at the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico, a Russian-made Katyusha ballistic rocket was destroyed in flight by a laser beam from the U.S. armys Tactical High Energy Laser (THEL). This was the first time that a laser successfully shot down a ballistic missile in flight... Missile defense has become a passionate political issue in Washington. There are enormous ifs involved in strategic defense, doubts and questions that deal quite literally with the life and death of each human being on Earth... Only one thing seems certain. In the endless round of military technology, the advent of the laser has helped to tip the scales toward the side of the defense. Lasers may one day protect every one of us against nuclear holocaust-- if we are wise enough to develop this technology, and the politics to control it, for peaceful ends. (The Story of Light, by Ben Bova p.287-288).
Lockheed Martin and TRW are working on a scaled Laser Beam Control System built by Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space. It demonstrates the functional performance needed for the Air Forces Airborne Laser (ABL). On the center and right, The Tactical High Energy Laser uses a high-energy, deuterium fluoride chemical laser to protect against attack by short range unguided (ballistic flying) rockets.
Large laser tackles nuclear-waste problem
Bridget Marx
One of the major problems of nuclear power lies in the management and disposal of high-level radioactive waste. A recent meeting funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (Swindon, England) highlighted this problem, with the organizers saying that the problem of nuclear-waste disposal has proven to be one of the most intractable of all issues in U.K. technology policy.
One approach to the problem involves finding methods to transmute the nuclei of long-lived isotopes into nuclei with much shorter half-lives. This has been demonstrated by bombarding the waste isotopes with neutrons from a reactor or even from a particle accelerator. Now, European physicists have demonstrated a laser-driven approach to transmutation that has converted iodine-129, which has a half-life of 15.7 million years, into iodine-128, with a half-life of a mere 25 minutes.
In the iodine process, a laser-generated gamma ray is absorbed into the iodine-129 nucleus, which releases a neutron to undergo transmutation to iodine-128. The scientists, from the U.K. and Germany and led by Ken Ledingham from the University of Strathclyde (Glasgow, Scotland), used the Vulcan petawatt laser at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (Didcot, England). The Nd:glass laser produces 0.7-ps, 360-J laser pulses at a wavelength of around 1 m. Focusing this light with a 1.8-m-focal-length off-axis parabolic mirror to a 5.5-m spot size produces an intensity on the order of 5 1020 W/cm2 at the target.
The target is solid gold with dimensions 5 5 4 mm; the high-intensity laser beam drives electrons into the target at relativistic energies, generating high-brightness beams of gamma rays, protons, neutrons, and heavy ions.
Two iodine samples were positioned along the laser and target normal directions, behind the gold target (see figure). The samples were prepared from waste solution from a fuel-processing facility. The iodine was extracted by producing a lead salt. This powder was compacted in a 55-mm-diameter aluminum can, which was further encapsulated in a vacuum-tight Plexiglas container. The samples contained around 40 g of iodine, with an isotopic composition of 85% iodine-129 and 15% iodine-127.
Pulses from an Nd:glass laser strike a gold target, producing gamma rays that transmute iodine-129 to iodine-128.
The iodine samples were analyzed using germanium detectors before and after laser irradiation of the gold target. After radiation, the characteristic peaks of iodine-128 were clearly visible on the detectors; the half-life was measured and confirmed to be the 25 minutes expected. Measurements from this experiment demonstrated that a single laser shot in this setup can generate about 3 million iodine-128 nuclei. A similar experiment carried out on the short-pulsed tabletop laser at the University of Jena (Jena, Germany; see "Tabletop laser induces transmutation," p. 13) used a comparable laser intensity, but a lower pulse energy of about a joule, generating a much lower rate of approximately two nuclei of iodine-128 per laser shot.
"We have shown that laser-driven photo-transmutation is a feasible method for experimental research into transmutation reactions," says Ledingham. "This has potential applications in medicine and nuclear-waste management. A new generation of compact high-intensity tabletop lasers is currently being designed in several laboratories using novel technology such as optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification. Several of these laser systems will be geared toward applications such as medical-isotope production and transmutation studies of long-lived isotopes. Now we need to scale up our methods so that we can deal with the sort of volumes likely to be produced by the nuclear industry in the future."
Laser Focus World November, 2003
Tabletop laser induces transmutation
Uwe Brinkmann
Researchers at the University of Jena (Jena, Germany) and the Institute of Transuranium Elements (Karlsruhe, Germany) have succeeded in using a tabletop laser to bring about the gamma-ray-induced nuclear reaction that transmutes the long-lived radioactive isotope iodine-129 to the short-lived iodine-128.1 Iodine-129 is one of the key isotopes generated in nuclear fission (see "Large laser tackles nuclear-waste problem," this page).
All the equipment in the Jena laser setup fits on a 15-m2 optical table. Despite few transmuted nuclei per laser shot so far, the experiment showed that laser-driven nuclear reactions can be studied even in a university-scale laboratory, meaning that research on this topic is no longer dependent on massive machinery such as reactors or large-scale laser plants.
The Ti:sapphire laser light source in the Jena experiment emits 1-J pulses at an 800-nm center wavelength with 80-fs pulse duration and 10-Hz repetition rate. It produces a peak power in the multi-terawatt range that, when focused to a 5-m2 spot on a tantalum target, reaches a power density of up to 1020 W/cm2.
An iodine sample containing 17% iodine-129 in the form of lead iodide was placed behind a 2-mm-thick tantalum sheet and the target irradiated with 10,000 laser shots. Gamma rays were generated by the acceleration of plasma electrons to relativistic energies by the laser field and subsequent deceleration in the target, which releases bremsstrahlung radiation.
After irradiation, gamma spectra were taken in the range from 410 to 480 keV in successive time intervals. A gamma peak belonging to the beta decay of iodine-128 to xenon-128 could be detected at 443 keV (see figure). This decay channel produces 93% of the iodine-128 disintegration, with the rest occurring via electron capture into tellurium-128. Xenon-128 is a stable isotope. The iodine-128 half-life was determined to be 28 5 min, in good agreement with the tabulated value of 25 min. Using calibrated germanium detectors, the authors calculated the number of gamma-ray-induced nuclear reactions to be two per laser shot.
A gamma-ray spectrum of an irradiated iodine sample reveals the 443-keV line of iodine-128. When monitored vs. time and fitted with an exponential, the 443-keV line shows a measured half-life for the isotope of 28 min (inset).
Because energetic particles other than electrons are ejected from the plasma, the study of different nuclear reactions is now possible using tabletop lasers. The development of more-efficient tabletop lasers will extend studies of laser-induced nuclear reactions; such investigations may help in finding a solution to the problem of radioactive nuclear waste. REFERENCE
Ultrafast Optics IV Conf., Vienna, (June 29, 2003); J. Magill et al., Appl. Phys. B (2003), DOI: 10.1007/s00340-003-1306-4.
Laser Focus World November, 2003
[1] The Internet Home Alliance is a cross-industry network of leading companies engaged in collaborative research to advance the connected home space. The Alliance’s collaborative research projects enable the participating companies to gain important insights into the connected home space and leverage those insights into viable new business opportunities. Key Alliance members are Cisco Systems, Inc., General Motors, Hewlett-Packard Company, Invensys, Microsoft, Panasonic of North America, SBC Communications, Sears, Roebuck and Co., and Whirlpool Corporation. http://www.Internethomealliance.com/about/
[2] It was precisely with Steven Pinker that I realized the difference between thoughts and words. From this recognition a profound sense of freedom from the verbal culture resulted. This realization also gave me a new insight about the visual sense in general and Einstein’s laser intelligence in particular. See The Language Instinct by Steven Pinker and Cyberkinetics Neurotechnology Systems, Inc @ http://www.cyberkineticsinc.com/content/index.jsp.).
[3] Rules and Representations (Columbia Classics in Philosophy) (Paperback) by Norbert Hornstein (Foreword), Noam Chomsky "IN THESE LECTURES, I would like to explore a number of issues relating to human cognitive capacities and the mental structures that serve as the vehicle for the exercise of these capacities." Publisher: Columbia University Press (May 4, 2005).
[4] Originally in “What life means to Einstein,” Saturday Evening Post, October 26, 1929; reprinted in “On Science,” in Cosmic Religion, p. 97. (The Expanded Quotable, edited by Alice Calaprice).
[5] In his Autobiographical Notes written at sixty-seven years of age, Einstein connects his search for a “universal formal principle” of the true laws of physics with his theory of relativity and traces its roots to that thought experiment at sixteen. “How, then, could such a universal principle be found? After ten years of reflection such a principle resulted from a paradox upon which I had already hit at the age of sixteen: If I pursue a beam of light with velocity c (velocity of light in a vacuum), I should observe such a beam of light as a spatially oscillatory electromagnetic field at rest.” p. 53.
[6] Albert Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen. Phys. Rev. 47, 777–780 (1935).
[7] Mind at Light Speed, A New Kind of Intelligence, p. 171. The Principia Mathematica is a three-volume work on the foundations of mathematics, written by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell and published in 1910–1913. It is an attempt to derive all mathematical truths from a well-defined set of axioms and inference rules in symbolic logic. One of the main inspirations and motivations for the Principia was Frege‘s earlier work on logic, which had led to some contradictions discovered by Russell. These were avoided in the Principia by building an elaborate system of types: a set has a higher type than its elements and one cannot speak of the “set of all sets” and similar constructs which lead to paradoxes (see Russell’s paradox). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principia_Mathematica
[8] In mathematics, an axiomatic system is any set of axioms from which some or all axioms can be used in conjunction to logically derive theorems. A mathematical theory consists of an axiomatic system and all its derived theorems. An axiomatic system that is completely described is a special kind of formal system; usually though the effort toward complete formalization brings diminishing returns in certainty, and a lack of readability for humans. Therefore, any discussion of axiomatic systems is normally only semiformal. A formal theory typically means an axiomatic system, for example, formulated within model theory. A formal proof is a complete rendition of a proof within a formal system. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiomatic_system
[9] The Einstein Factor by Dr. Win Wenger, pp.12–13.
[10] Yehuda Elkana in, Albert Einstein Historical and Cultural Perspective.
[11] Autobiographical Notes, p. 7. Thought or thinking is a mental process that allows beings to model the world, and so to deal with it effectively according to their goals, plans, ends, and desires. Concepts akin to thought are sentience, consciousness, idea, and imagination. wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought
[12] In Reading Images; The Grammar of Visual Design, p. 19, by Gunther Kress, there is a very interesting clarification of how the subversion occurred. “Prior to this step (in reality a development spanning millennia) there are two forms or media of representation. One is language in the form of speech, the other the visual image, or visual marks. Each serves a particular set of purposes (recording/construction of histories, myths, interactions, etc.; recordings of objects, transaction, etc.). In the case of some cultures, however, the one form of representation ‘takes over’ the other, as a means of recording. That is, visual representation becomes specialized to function as a means of the visual representation of speech: perhaps in highly organized and bureaucratized societies. The visual has then been subsumed, taken over, by the verbal. Consequently, its former possibilities and its potential for independent representation decline and wither away.”
[13] Mind at Light Speed, A New Kind of Intelligence, pp. 8, 9.
[14] Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1994, p. 11. Go to matheverywhere.com
[15] Founder and Publisher of the Gilder Technology Report, a monthly newsletter about telecommunications and the new world of the Telecosm, he is a Senior Fellow at the Discovery Institute, where he directs the program on high technology and public policy. He is author of numerous books and publications).
[16] Gilder Technology Report, or GTR, 12/2000/Vol. V, No12.
[17] GTR 11/2001/Vol. VI, No. 11.
[18] GTR December 2001/Vol. VI, No. 10.
[19] Gilder Technology Report @ http://www.gildertech.com/paradigm.html
[20] GTR, 12/2000/Vol V, No. 12.
[21] Phil Shoemaker, a brilliant instructor for The Light Brigade, Inc., confirmed that his company actually installed the fiber optic infrastructure for the Redmond campus. Based in Tukwila, WA, The Light Brigade is a 20-year-old training organization for the fiber optic industry that focuses exclusively on design, installation and maintenance. http://www.lightbrigade.com/courses/
[22] “Extreme Light,” by Grard A. Mourou and Donald Umstadter. Copyright 2003, Scientific American, Inc.
[23](GTR).
[24] Mind at Light Speed
[25] Ibid.
[26] http://www.inphase-technologies.com/news/500gigabit.html
26 Ibid.
27 GTR.
[29]Ibid. See Programming the Universe A Quantum Computer Scientist Takes On the Cosmos (Hardcover)
by Seth Lloyd. Also see: HACKING MATTER: Levitating Chairs, Quantum Mirages, and the Infinite Weirdness of PROGRAMMABLE ATOMS by Wil McCarthy
[30] GTR June 2001/Vol. V. I No. 6.
[31] Laser Odyssey, by Theodore Maiman, p. 103.
[32] The Evolution of Physics, by Einstein and Infeld, p. ?
[33] For illustrations go to http://www.mvis.com/ and to the University of Washington where the original research started, at http://www.hitl.washington.edu/projects/vrd/anim/Mov.htm to see the Human Interface lab VRD Animation. Also at http://www.hitlabnz.org/route.php?r=page-view&page_name=projects_mb to see the forthcoming paradigm of the textbook.
[34] Microsoft.com
34 Post-Capitalist Society, by Peter F. Drucker. Paperback Collins: Reprint ed., April 13, 1994.
[36] The Trillion Dollar Enterprise, by Cyrus Freidheim; How the Alliance Revolution will transform global business. “This book is aimed at answering just that question: How am I going to deal with the evolution of networks of companies acting as huge, single, powerful enterprises? p. xii.
36 Harvard Business School Press, 2004.
[38] http://www.microsoft.com/emea/government/newsletters/ lseconomy.mspx
38 The Scientific Conquest of Death, Essays on Infinite Lifespans by The Immortality Institute, Chapter I: Science; Human Body Version 2.0, by Raymond Kurzweil, Ph.D., p.104.
[40] Published by Windcrest Books, an imprint of McGraw Hill, Inc., 1994.
[41] The Millionaire Mind by Dr. Stanley.
[42]Fortune magazine, February 2000 Ibid.
[43] Ibid.
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[59] HyperPhysics (C.R. Nave, 2005).
[60] http://sunland.gsfc.nasa.gov/smex/history/index.html
[61] Collective Electrodynamics p.122-123)
[62] Ibid
[63] See p. 74-76.
[64] Quotable Einstein.
[65]http://ecmweb.com/mag/electric_wiring_showcase_planetarium/index.html
[66] http://www.llnl.gov/pao/news/photo_archive.html
[67] BOTHELL, Wash.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--March 28, 2005--Microvision (Nasdaq:MVIS)
53 The Cisco Learning Institute (CLI), along with a variety of partners including Aries Technology, Leviton, HAI, Cisco Systems, BlueVolt and Premise, has developed a hybrid, web-based and instructor-led training program to help prepare the technicians for the home technology integration market. To that end, CLI established a network of training centers around the country staffed with well-trained instructors using top-quality curriculum materials, assessments, equipment and hands-on lab exercises. http://hti.ciscolearning.org/
[69]
What is it?
Verizon FiOS is the latest in fiber-optic technology. It delivers laser-generated pulses of light, riding on hair-thin strands of glass fiber, all the way to your front door. When FiOS meets your computer, you can get broadband Internet at blazing-fast speeds.
Experience it?
Experience speed like never before. Forget about time spent staring at progress bars or watching the clock. You’ll be flying around the Internet in no time with the speed of FiOS. Buying and downloading feature films and CD-quality audio. Video chatting like it’s instant messaging. There’s a better Internet out there. It’s FiOS.
http://www22.verizon.com/FiOSforhome/channels/FiOS/root/about_FiOS.asp
[70] HTI Home Technology Integration In Depth by Quentin Wells
[71] The Wired Home: Part 7 of 12 By Dave Dusthimer, Cisco Learning Institute Press
http://www.ecmweb.com/construction/electric_wired_home_7/ Jul 1, 2003 12:00 PM
[72] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_nuclear_fusion
[73] National Ignition Facility Project News. http://www.llnl.gov/nif/project/news_first_bundle.html
[74] How NIF Works. http://www.llnl.gov/nif/project/nif_works.html
[75] http://www.llnl.gov/str/Payne.html Professor Sir Chris Llewellyn Smith FRS is Director UKAEA Culham Division, Head of the Euratom/UKAEA Fusion Association, and Chairman of the Consultative committee for Euratom on Fusion. He was Director General of CERN [1994-98].
[76] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITER. http://www.iter.org/index.htm
[77] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_nuclear_fusion
[78] http://www.fiberplanners.com/pages/utilities_and_fiber_why.html
[79] See Japanese laser Fusion Reactor Model.
[80] Back to March 2000 // Science & Technology Review 2000 // Science & Technology Review // LLNL Homepage
[81] See the Scientific American Article on Extremhttp://admin.bcentralhost.come light (2003) with the follow up on 1/2006.
[82] Photonics West in pictures 27 January 2006, a selection of some of the sights from this year''''s show at the San Jose convention center, California, US.
http://optics.org/optics/Articles.do?channel=business&type=news&volume=12&issue=1&article=21&page=1&box_id=pw_pic8
[83] http://www.jdsu.com/index.cfm?
pagePath=Products/Photonic_Power/Technical_Questions&id=5288
| |
Part 1 How the LaserEnlightened
| | Vision Emerged from
Einstein’s Brilliant Idea of the
Laser |
| | | | 1.1 Genesis of the Laser
1.2 Einstein’s Laser Intelligence
1.3 From Einstein’s Brilliant Idea of
the Laser to the Supercontinuum
1.4 Einstein’s Quantum Challenge | | |
Part 2 Microvision’s Retinal Laser
| | Display and the Development of
a Coherent Global Brain |
| | | | 2.1 Laser Conversion of the Visual
Cortex into a Computer Screen
2.2 Laser Cognition Correction of the
Visual and Verbal Perception
2.3 The Vector Potential as the
Founda tion for Einstein’s Unified
Field Theory | | |
Part 3 The New Lambdasphere
| | Emerges from Einstein’s
Proportional Vision of the Laser |
| | | | 3.1Einstein’s Proportional Vision of
the Laser
3.2 Laser Stars as the Most Powerful
Lights in the Known Universe
3.3 Coherency in the Polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background
Radiation
3.4 National Ignition Facility Recreates
Laser Stars on Earth
3.5 Maser/Laser Phenomenon protects the Earth in the Geomagnetic Sphere
3.6 Fiber and Free Space Optics
Connects the New Lambdasphere
3.7 Pangolin Laser Designer Illuminates the Rose Center for Earth and Space | | |
Part 4 LaserEnlightened Home Installs
| | JDSU’s Photonics Powerline
Network into the HTI System |
| | | | 4.1 The Visual Culture of the
LaserEnlightened Home
4.2 The PetaWatt Laser Star and the
Photonics Powerline Home Network | | |
| | | | Copyright 2006 Rosas & Company Inc. | | |
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